重庆典型区域雨水管道沉积物中氮磷污染特征分析

为了解重庆市旧城区雨水管道沉积物中氮磷的污染特性,采集了生活区、交通干道、文教区、商业区等典型区域的雨水管道沉积物,利用化学提取法分析沉积物中氮磷的含量分布及赋存形态.结果表明:不同区域雨水管道沉积物中氮含量的空间差异性显著,含量大小都表现为文教区商业区居住区交通干道,其中,总氮(TN)含量为(3.05±2.23)mg·g-1,有机氮(ON)含量为(2.77±1.98)mg·g-1,硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N)含量为(0.029±0.024)mg·g-1,氨氮(NH3-N)含量为(0.254±0.220)mg·g-1;而磷与氮不同,空间差异性不明显,总磷(TP)含量表现为商业区交通干道居住区文教区,其中,TP含量为(1.89±0.22)mg·g-1,磷酸盐(PO-3-P)含量为(0.155±0.022)mg·g-1;不同区域雨水管道沉积物中氮磷的赋存结构并无较大差异,表现为TN中ON占主导(92.45%),无机氮(IN)中NH3-N占主导(88.87%),而磷主要以颗粒态(PP)为主;氮形态与pH呈负相关,与有机碳(OC)呈正相关,而磷与pH、OC相关性不显著;TP呈现出显著富集的特性.     

柘林湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及生态风险评价

考察了柘林湾11个位点表层沉积物中20种有机氯农药含量分布及污染状况,采用风险商RQ和NOAA的SQG沉积物质量标准评价了沉积物中OCPs的生态风险和各位点的综合生态风险,初步分析了沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的来源以及沉积物中OCPs与沉积物性质参数的相关性.结果表明,柘林湾沉积物中DDTs的含量较高,尤其是p,p'-DDD,沉积物中DDTs含量超出中国海洋沉积物质量标准;沉积物中ΣOCPs的浓度在14.14~306.88 ng·g-1之间,平均值为78.37 ng·g~(-1),其中S8位点的ΣOCPs含量最高.p,p'-DDD、p,p'-DDT在多数研究位点具有必然的不利生物效应和高度生态风险,S8、S10位点处于强影响生态风险状态.柘林湾沉积物中HCHs主要来源于林丹类农药的使用;S1、S2、S10、S11位点均有近期的DDTs输入,其它位点DDTs主要来自早期残留或施用农药长期风化后的沉积物.沉积物中HCHs、硫丹、氯丹、狄氏剂之间存在极显著正相关性,它们与沉积物TOC间存在负相关,TOC的存在促进了生物降解;p,p'-DDD与Ca的明显正相关揭示了早期施用DDT随生物碳酸盐沉积;沉积物中颗粒物逐渐增大不利于OCPs在沉积物中的积累和富集.     

厦门筼筜湖表层沉积物金属元素赋存形态及污染评价

用ICP-MS测定了厦门筼筜湖表层沉积物中15种金属元素的含量,分析了金属元素的分布特征,并用改进的BCR提取法分析其赋存形态.结果表明,Cd、Cu、Sr、Pb、Zn和U在不同湖区的含量表现为:外湖干渠内湖;Cr、Co、Ni、V、Fe、Li、Rb和Mn的含量表现为:内湖外湖干渠.Cu、Zn和Pb主要存在于可还原态;Cd元素主要存在于弱酸溶态和可还原态;Co、Ni、U、Fe和Mn元素主要存在于可还原态和残渣态;Li、V、Cr、Rb和Ba主要存在于残渣态.潜在生态风险评价结果表明,元素V、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn、Cu、Cd和Pb等处于轻微潜在生态风险水平.次生相与原生相分布比值法评价结果显示,Cu、Cd和Zn表现出重度污染;Pb表现出中度污染;Co、Mn、Sr和U表现出轻度污染;Ni、Fe、Cr、V、Li、Ba和Rb表现出无污染.筼筜湖表层沉积物已受轻微的金属元素污染,处于轻微生态风险水平.     

临水河表层沉积物中的重金属污染评价

选取临水河底部表层沉积物为研究对象,采用地质累积指数、潜在生态危害指数对其重金属污染进行评价。结果表明:沉积物Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb的含量介于203.971~412.363 mg/kg,浓度由高到低依次为Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd;Cd、Cu、Pb的空间变异系数较大,依次为82.8%、65.1%和43.1%,表明这3种重金属可能存在点源污染;Cr的空间变异系数较小,为28.2%,说明该重金属可能存在面源污染。地质累积指数表明:Cd和Cr的污染等级分别为3~5级和1~2级,为中度污染到极强度污染,Cu和Pb无污染。潜在生态危害指数RI值为280.54~879.27,污染程度为中等污染至很强污染。Cd为河流表层沉积物重金属污染的最大贡献者。     

不同热解及来源生物炭对西北黄土吸附敌草隆的影响

以西北黄土为研究对象,采用批量法研究不同温度下制得的生物炭对西北黄土吸附敌草隆的影响.结果表明,敌草隆在添加不同质生物炭黄土上的动力学吸附过程较好地符合准二级吸附动力学模型,且吸附过程主要分为快吸附(0~8 h)和慢吸附(8~12 h)两个阶段,在12 h左右达到平衡;热力学较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;添加生物炭的黄土对敌草隆的吸附量随着温度的升高而增大,且吸附过程中ΔG~θ小于0,ΔH~θ和ΔS~θ大于0;不加生物炭的黄土对敌草隆吸附量则随着温度的升高而降低,且吸附过程中ΔG~θ和ΔH~θ小于0,ΔS~θ大于0;在体系温度范围内,E(吸附平均自由能)为1.29~5.00 k J·mol-1,表明无论是否添加生物炭,黄土对敌草隆的吸附都以物理吸附为主.其影响因素分析结果显示,随着生物炭热解温度的升高,溶液中敌草隆的平衡浓度降低,平衡吸附量增大;添加生物炭的黄土对敌草隆吸附量在0.5~6 mg·L-1浓度范围内快速上升,之后吸附量随初始浓度的升高缓慢增加并逐渐趋于平衡;溶液pH对黄土吸附敌草隆有一定影响,但影响不大.     

基于地球化学特性的海州湾海洋牧场沉积物重金属研究

海洋牧场是一种新的可持续的生产方式,对中国海洋经济的转型具有重要作用.本文根据海底构筑物的密集程度与投放时间把海州湾海洋牧场划分为3个区(外侧区、内测区、中心区),对表层沉积物的温度(T)、酸碱度(p H)、氧化还原电位(Eh)、表面积平均粒径(D[3,2])、总有机碳(TOC)这5种地球化学指标进行原位调查,采用改进的BCR方法对重金属Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cd进行连续提取.结果表明,沉积物Eh的横向分布受到了海底构筑物的影响,TOC在11.7~13.5 g·kg-1之间,与p H呈显著负相关;Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr以原生相为主要赋存形态,Pb、Cd以次生相的铁锰氧化物结合态(F2)为主要赋存形态,并受Eh控制;相关性及聚类分析表明,Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn为天然源,Cd、Pb存在明显的人为来源;Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的可交换及碳酸盐结合态(F1)与TOC显著相关,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd铁锰氧化物结合态(F2)、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn的残渣态(F4)都与沉积物粒度显著相关,不同形态的Cd受多环境因子控制;海洋牧场中心区和外侧区沉积物中重金属总量、次生相含量均较内侧区和对照区要低.由于海底构筑物和水动力学的差异性,海洋牧场内侧区细颗粒与有机质对沉积物重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn次生相的富集、吸附作用要大于颗粒再悬浮的释放作用,而在中心区、外侧区细颗粒和有机质影响较小;沉积物富集系数显示Cd出现了富集现象.     

黄河高村至利津河段水体和沉积物中不同形态磷的分布特征

黄河是我国第二大河流,其对营养盐的输送在区域乃至全球范围内扮演着很重要的角色.本研究对黄河高村至利津河段5个站点两季水体和沉积物中不同形态磷的分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,黄河高村至利津河段水体5月处于磷污染状态,5月水体总磷(TP)变化范围为0.05~2.31 mg·L~(-1),9月为0.03~0.1 mg·L~(-1),颗粒态磷(PP)为主要赋存形态,TP与PP呈极显著相关(P0.01),径流量和水体TP与PP显著正相关(P0.05),总溶解性磷(TDP)与溶解性无机磷(DIP)显著负相关(P0.05,P0.01),流量增加对TDP和DIP的稀释作用很明显,但黄河高村至利津河段土壤磷流失仍然很严重.水体悬浮颗粒物(SPM)质量浓度与DIP显著负相关(P0.01),SPM对水体DIP的吸附作用明显;秋季水体高锰酸盐指数较春季高,受有机物污染更严重,水体高锰酸盐指数与DIP质量浓度显著正相关(P0.01).黄河高村至利津河段沉积物两季总磷的含量基本处于未污染水平,沉积物TP 5月变化范围为284.23~569.58 mg·kg~(-1),9月为287.97~355.39 mg·kg~(-1),钙磷(CaP)为无机磷(IP)的主要赋存形态.活性有机磷(L-OP)含量与径流量,水体SPM质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数显著相关(P0.01,P0.05,P0.01),5月利津站点的有机磷(OP)含量明显较高,可能是降雨冲刷流域内矿物开采区导致的,黄河高村至利津河段能源基地生产活动需要密切关注.     

Sources and Distribution of Heavy Metals in East China Sea Surface Sediments

Box cores and surficial sediments collected from the shelf, slope and Okinawa Trough of the East China Sea were analyzed for loss on ignition, and concentration and speciation of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn. in general, concentrations of these metals are higher in the inner shelf and lower in the midshelf, but the highest LOI, Cd and Mn levels are found in the Okinawa Trough. Spatial distributions of these metals in surficial sediments indicate that the Yangtze River is the major source for materials deposited in the inner shelf. the results of a six-stage sequential leaching experiment indicate that the fluvial input includes natural (e.g., Al and Fe) and anthropogenic (e.g., Pb) materials. the depletion concentration of these metals in the midshelf sediments reflects the dominance (∼ 70%) of coarse, relict sand, while the enrichments in the inner shelf and the Okinawa Trough sediments are due to the fine grained, organic-rich sediments. the speciation of Mn in the sediments of the Okinawa Trough indicates that its distribution is diagentically or hydrothermally controlled.     

Riverine transfer of heavy metals from Patagonia to the southwestern Atlantic Ocean

The occurrence and geochemical behaviour of Fe, Mn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn and Co are studied in riverine detrital materials transported by Patagonian rivers. Their riverine inputs have been estimated and the nature of these inputs to the Atlantic Ocean is discussed. Most of the metals are transported to the ocean via the suspended load; there is evidence that Fe oxides and organic matter are important phases controlling their distribution in the detrital non-residual fraction. Most heavy metal concentrations found in bed sediments, in suspended matter, and in the dissolved load of Patagonian rivers were comparable to those reported for non-polluted rivers. There is indication that human activity is altering riverine metal inputs to the ocean. In the northern basins – and indicating anthropogenic effects – heavy metals distribution in the suspended load is very different from that found in bed sediments. The use of pesticides in the Negro River valley seems correlated with increased riverine input of Cu, mostly bound to the suspended load. The Deseado and Chico Rivers exhibit increased specific yield of metals as a consequence of extended erosion within their respective basins. The Santa Cruz is the drainage basin least affected by human activity and its metal-exporting capacity should be taken as an example of a relatively unaffected large hydrological system. In contrast, coal mining modifies the transport pattern of heavy metals in the Gallegos River, inasmuch as they are exported to the coastal zone mainly as dissolved load. Electronic Publication     

Vertical Distribution and Inventories of 239,240Pu in Deep Sea Sediments of the Mediterranean Sea (Algerian Basin, Ionian Sea)

Deep-sea sediments collected in two areas of the Mediterranean Sea having different sedimentological characteristics have been analyzed to determine present concentrations and inventories of ^239,240Pu and to study the main mechanisms controlling them. Plutonium distribution in the deepest part of a submarine canyon (Taranto Valley, Ionian Sea) is compared to that obtained in an abyssal plain (north Algerian Plain). in the latter case, sedimentation is mainly due to the sinking of biogenic particles, while in the former lateral transport of terrigenous material along the slope of the canyon can significantly contribute to sediment accumulation on the bottom.

^239,240Pu surface concentration in the canyon ranged from 0.2 to 1 Bq kg^-1 (dry weight) and this was lower in the abyssal plain. in this area, plutonium was detectable only in the first 4 cm, while in the canyon it was present down to 11-15 cm. ^239,240Pu inventories are 3 Bq m^-2 in the plain and 45-60 Bq m^-2 in the canyon, indicating considerable input of terrigenous material towards the final part of the Taranto Valley.