Gas and Organic Matter in Last Glacial and Holocenic Sediments of Venice Lagoon

Two drills (MBM1* and MBM2) provided at “Bocca di Malamocco” gave environmental and palaeo-environmental information on sedimentation for the last 50,000 years. the MBM2 supplies textural, gas and organic matter studies of sediment and principal ion content of pore water. Two main palaeo-environments, divided in six cycles, are recognized. Marine environment characterizes the sediment above 12.80 metres below sea level (mbsl) and continental environment dominates the sediments below.

The concentration/depth profiles of dissolved ammonia, phosphates and gases are related to the occurrence of a relatively high organic content in the sediment core. Carbon dioxide to methane ratio shows a constant value below 20 mbsl, while above that level only carbon dioxide was detected. A sulphate gradient in the transition zone between the marine to fresh water interval suggests a methane oxidation. These findings indicate that diffusive transport of methane from marine sediments to the atmosphere may be considered minimal. the sedimentary cycles are related to the oxygen isotopic stages. They suggest a variable hydraulic regime occurred during the last Glacial time in the palaeo-plain corresponding to the present Venice lagoon.     

Phosphorus in Sediments of Lake Edku, Egypt. The Influence of Chemical and Grain Size Parameters

Lake Edku is one of the Nile Delta shallow brackish water coastal lagoons with communications with the southeastern Mediterranean.

Sediment samples were recovered from the top 10 cm of the lake bottom to study principally their total, inorganic and organic phosphorus. Related sediment parameters such as particle size, organic carbon, carbonate and iron contents were also studied in detail.

It is shown that the lake sediments are generally a sand-silt-clay mud enriched with carbonate (11.4-42%), organic carbon (0.9-11.4%) and iron (1.6-5.6%).

The total phosphorus content in these sediments is 503-1329 μg/g, inorganic phosphorus, 468-954 μg/g and organic phosphorus, 35-526 μg/g.     

墨水湖上覆水与沉积物间隙水中重金属的分布特征

武汉市墨水湖重金属污染严重，在我国内陆城市受污染湖泊中具代表性。应用 ICP MS对墨水湖上覆水和沉积物间隙水中的主要重金属元素进行了定量测试，并分析了其空间分布特征和变化规律。在此基础上，结合微量重金属界面扩散通量的计算，定量评估了其对上覆湖水水质的影响，以期为浅水湖泊的重金属污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明，墨水湖沉积物间隙水中重金属的浓度由高到低依次为：Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb；上覆水和沉积物间隙水中微量重金属浓度剖面均表现出明显相似的峰形分布特征，指示了湖泊沉积物中普遍存在微量重金属的沉积后再迁移现象；Fe和Mn在间隙水中的浓度远大于它们在上覆水中的浓度，其剖面分布特征主要是参与氧化还原反应的结果，Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn等的浓度也因受氧化还原过程及矿物平衡作用的影响而波动；微量重金属元素按照浓度梯度经孔隙水从沉积物向上覆水中扩散，并最终影响上覆水.     

酸性环境下Q2黄土压缩特性试验研究∗

针对酸性污染土物理力学性质恶化的现象,采用室内人工模拟受酸液污染土样的方法,开展土常规试验、压缩试验探究Q2黄土在酸液浸泡时间和酸液浓度双因素作用下,试样孔隙比、含水率等基本物理及压缩系数、压缩模量等指标和压缩e—p曲线的变化规律,以及水-酸耦合作用对黄土压缩性的影响规律。结果表明:浸泡时间一定时,随酸液浓度增大,含水率、孔隙比、压缩系数在逐渐增大,压缩模量在减小。浸泡12 d时,酸液浓度0.1 mol/L增加至3 mol/L,压缩系数a1-2由0.355 MPa-1增大到1.275 MPa-1,压缩模量Es1-2由5.580 MPa减小至1.855 MPa;酸液浓度一定时,随浸泡时间延长,含水率、孔隙比、压缩系数在逐渐增大,压缩模量在减小。酸液浓度3 mol/L时,浸泡时间从1 d至12 d,压缩系数a1-2由0.308 MPa-1增大到1.275 MPa-1,压缩模量Es1-2由6.301 MPa减小至1.855MPa;水-酸耦合作用提高了黄土压缩性,且在充分浸泡条件下,酸液对黄土压缩性的影响远大于水的影响。研究结果可为酸蚀黄土区工程建设提供相关参考。     

关于水体沉积物质量基准问题

本文综述了沉积物质量基准的最新进展。从底栖生物对沉积物中结合的污染物的敏感性讨论了沉积物质量基准的意义、数值型和响应型基准,以及建立沉积物质量基准的可能途径。重点讨论了沉积物/间隙水平衡分配法,并引入了基于该法建立的沉积物质量基准的初步值。     

湖泊沉积物中微生物群落对天然有机质输入的响应

全球气候变化和蓝藻水华暴发造成湖泊生源、陆源天然有机质（NOM）输入显著增加,以太湖藻型湖湾为例,考察沉积物中微生物群落的活性、组成及功能对不同浓度藻源有机质（POM）和陆源腐殖酸（HA）的响应特征.三维荧光分析显示POM化学多样性较高,包含易降解的类蛋白（50%）和难降解的类腐殖质组分（50%）,而类腐殖质占HA荧光组分的97%.两个月的微宇宙实验表明,对于同种NOM,沉积物中微生物矿化作用随NOM浓度升高而增强;但POM组中有机碳去除量显著高于同等浓度的HA组.胞外聚合物分析显示NOM输入有利于微生物分泌蛋白质和多糖,提高了微生物群落的聚集度和稳定性;酶活分析表明POM对脲酶、脱氢酶等有机物代谢酶的激发效应强于HA,形成了代谢更活跃的微生物群落.同时,NOM输入（尤其是POM）提高了微生物群落的物种多样性,增加了Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes等参与有机物分解的菌群丰度,上调了与代谢相关的KEGG功能基因丰度.以上结果表明湖泊沉积物中微生物群落的活性和功能与NOM的来源和浓度有关.     

骆马湖现代沉积物137Cs和210Pbex的测定分析与环境指示意义

选取骆马湖进湖口、湖中心和出湖口3个位置的沉积物柱芯样品,采用放射性核素137Cs、210Pbex纪年技术定年,对其垂向分布特征及沉积速率指标变化对比分析,并测定沉积物中重金属垂直剖面分布。结果表明：137Cs数值较低,不足以建立137Cs计年时标;210Pbex比活度随深度增加大致呈指数降低,采用210Pbex CIC模式计算获得3个采样点的平均沉积速率及对应的沉积年代区间,进湖口相比湖中心和出湖口沉积速率较低,这与人为活动和水流因素有关;近50年来,骆马湖重金属污染物蓄积峰值总体出现在1975—1977年及1989—1994年两个时期,在2008年之后重金属的蓄积特征呈现逐渐增加趋势     

陇东黄土高原冰雹的气候特征及预报

利用陇东1971～2000年的冰雹资料,分析了冰雹的气候特征,归纳了产生冰雹天气过程的3种主要环流背景.     

Evaluating the Risk of Potential Acid Sulfate Soils and Habitat Modification for Mosquito Control (Runneling) in Coastal Salt Marshes: Comparing Methods and Managing the Risk

Coastal environments in Australia are under development pressures. Human settlement encroaches on disease vector salt marsh mosquito breeding areas that are underlain by potential acid sulfate soils (PASS). Altering the hydrology by runneling solves the mosquito problem but may lead to acid sulfate problems. Appropriate analytical tools can assess the risk to the environment. The objective of the research was to compare three methods of assessing PASS. The study area was a low-lying intertidal subtropical salt marsh that was being considered for runneling. The results indicated that using field pH and field peroxide pH (and the relationship between these), and also the peroxide oxidation-combined acidity and sulfate (POCAS) test, appeared to overestimate the potential acidity. This was because the source of acidity in the intertidal salt marsh includes a large organic content, which is not a major environmental concern. The chromium-reducible sulfur test, which is not affected by organic content, was found to provide the most appropriate assessment, and is recommended for use in highly organic salt marshes.     

Response of lithophilic zoobenthos to changes in the granulometric composition of grounds in the metarithral zone of a small river in the foothills of southwestern kamchatka

Data on the species composition, abundance, and biomass of macrozoobenthos in the rapids of a small river flowing in the foothills of the southwestern Kamchatka Peninsula are considered along with the results of quantitative analysis of structural rearrangements in the lithophilic community under the effects of changes in the granulometric composition of bottom sediments. Groups of lithophilic and pelophilic invertebrates typical of the metarithral of such rivers (e.g., chironomids of subfamilies Diamesinae and Prodiamesinae) are identified.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 120–125.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Leman, Chebanova.