黄土高原地区生态灾害类型与减灾对策

本文根据黄土高原地区的生态特点,分析了存在的主要生态灾害类型,对生态灾害的减免提出了具体对策。     

广东茂名主要水系表层沉积物重金属风险评估及源解析

为了解广东茂名主要水系表层沉积物重金属的空间分布特征及其污染来源,合理评价研究区域沉积物重金属的生态风险,对茂名市8条河流和3座水库表层沉积物中重金属(As、 Hg、 Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Cu、 Mn、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)含量进行分析.采用地累积指数、潜在生态风险指数和潜在生物毒性效应评估重金属的生态风险;使用主成分分析和正定矩阵因子分解模型解析重金属的来源.结果表明,表层沉积物中ω(Zn)(147.56mg·kg^-1)和ω(Hg)(0.20mg·kg^-1)水平较高,分别超背景值3.72倍和2.25倍.Cd、 Co、 Cu、 Mn、 Ni和Zn含量水平在空间分布上表现为：北部>中部>西部>东南部.地累积指数结果显示Zn为偏中度污染,76.6%采样点的Hg为轻度-偏重度污染,其余元素整体上为无-轻度污染.潜在生态风险和潜在生物毒性评估结果均表明高州水库潜在生态风险指数和毒性效应较其他水系高,且Hg为主要贡献元素.主成分分析和正定矩阵因子分解模型提取的3个因子分别代表自然源、农业面源和工业源.因此,为降低沉积物中重金属带来...     

Comparison of Solid-Phase and Pore-Water Approaches for Assessing the Quality of Marine and Estuarine Sediments

As part of our continuing evaluation of the pore-water approach for assessing sediment quality, we made a series of side-by-side comparisons between the standard 10-day amphipod whole sediment test with the corophiid Grandidierella japonica and a suite of tests using pore water extracted from the same sediments. the pore-water tests evaluated were the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) sperm cell test and morphological development assay, the life-cycle test with the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus, and acute exposures of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) embryo-larval stages. Sediment and surface microlayer samples were collected from contaminated sites. Whole-sediment, pore-water, and surface microlayer toxicity tests were performed. Pore-water toxicity tests were considerably more sensitive than the whole-sediment amphipod test, which is currently the most sensitive toxicity test now recommended for determining the acceptability of dredged material for open ocean disposal.     

Interactions Among the Copper Species and Forms in Sea Water/Sediments and Copper Bioaccumulation in Oysters

Earlier papers indicated that the first incident of green discoloration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and the mass mortality observed in 1986 along the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area were caused by the higher contents of total copper and copper species (mainly bioavailable and free ion) in sea water. the copper in sea water would be sorbed by suspended matter and transferred to sediments, and the copper in the sediments would also be desorbed to sea water. Processes of copper adsorption and desorption are the major factors influencing the contents of total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments. in this study, the Erhjin Chi sediments were mixed with sea water by a shaker technique. When the mixture was shaken for one hour, analogous to tidal mixing in estuaries, only copper desorption from sediments was observed. If the shaking time is increased for more than 3 hours, the copper released from the sediments was resorbed to the remaining solid phases. the higher the contents of mud (91.71%) and total copper (701 mg kg^-1) in sediments, the higher the copper desorption rate (1.86 ppm hr^-1) and copper adsorption rate (0.50 ppm hr^-1) were observed. in sediments containing lower mud (0.80%) and lower copper (43.5 mg kg^-1), the copper desorption and adsorption rates were 0.83 ppm hr^-1 and 0.22 ppm hr^-1, respectively. the interactions among the total copper and copper species in sea water and sediments, chemical and ecological parameters, and copper bioaccumulation in oysters in the Erhjin Chi estuarine and coastal area are also discussed.     

Response of lithophilic zoobenthos to changes in the granulometric composition of grounds in the metarithral zone of a small river in the foothills of southwestern kamchatka

Data on the species composition, abundance, and biomass of macrozoobenthos in the rapids of a small river flowing in the foothills of the southwestern Kamchatka Peninsula are considered along with the results of quantitative analysis of structural rearrangements in the lithophilic community under the effects of changes in the granulometric composition of bottom sediments. Groups of lithophilic and pelophilic invertebrates typical of the metarithral of such rivers (e.g., chironomids of subfamilies Diamesinae and Prodiamesinae) are identified.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 120–125.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Leman, Chebanova.     

陇东黄土高原冰雹的气候特征及预报

利用陇东1971～2000年的冰雹资料,分析了冰雹的气候特征,归纳了产生冰雹天气过程的3种主要环流背景.     

Evaluating the Risk of Potential Acid Sulfate Soils and Habitat Modification for Mosquito Control (Runneling) in Coastal Salt Marshes: Comparing Methods and Managing the Risk

Coastal environments in Australia are under development pressures. Human settlement encroaches on disease vector salt marsh mosquito breeding areas that are underlain by potential acid sulfate soils (PASS). Altering the hydrology by runneling solves the mosquito problem but may lead to acid sulfate problems. Appropriate analytical tools can assess the risk to the environment. The objective of the research was to compare three methods of assessing PASS. The study area was a low-lying intertidal subtropical salt marsh that was being considered for runneling. The results indicated that using field pH and field peroxide pH (and the relationship between these), and also the peroxide oxidation-combined acidity and sulfate (POCAS) test, appeared to overestimate the potential acidity. This was because the source of acidity in the intertidal salt marsh includes a large organic content, which is not a major environmental concern. The chromium-reducible sulfur test, which is not affected by organic content, was found to provide the most appropriate assessment, and is recommended for use in highly organic salt marshes.     

Characteristics of metal enrichment in Deep Bay, Hong Kong

Abstract: Sediment cores, suspended particles and overlying water were collected in Deep Bay, Hong Kong. Enrichment of Zn in surface sediments in the landward direction and the decreasing of exchangeable Cd, Ni and Zn in sediment from the inner bay to the outer bay indicated the influence of anthropogenic pollutants discharged from the riparian runoffs.     

自然状况下影响河流中悬移质对砷吸附的研究——以小白河为例

悬移质在河流的砷以及重金属转化迁移中起着非常重要的载体作用,因此,研究悬移质吸附的影响因素,对确定河流中砷以及重金属污染状况有一定的指导意义。文章分别从温度、含沙量、水体、pH值、悬移质中有机质含量等方面对悬移质中砷的影响进行了研究,并部分的验证了前人对悬移质吸附影响因素的理论。     

河流沉积物中石油类污染物吸附与释放规律的实验研究

以延河沉积物和采油废水为对象 ,实验研究了河流沉淀物对石油类污染物的吸附以及污染沉积物中该类污染物的释放规律。结果表明 ,当河流沉积物浓度在 2 0～ 2 0 0kg/m3,排放废水含油浓度为 1 55 7mg/L时 ,水相中石油的吸附平衡浓度可高达 70～ 5mg/L ;实验条件下污染沉积物中石油类在水相中的平衡释放浓度为 1 0mg/L左右 ;相同污染负荷下 ,含油废水直接排放 (吸附后 )对河流水质造成的污染要比污染沉积物中石油类的释放产生的污染更为严重 ,不过后者污染的作用周期要比前者长得多。