湖泊沉积物中微生物群落对天然有机质输入的响应

全球气候变化和蓝藻水华暴发造成湖泊生源、陆源天然有机质（NOM）输入显著增加,以太湖藻型湖湾为例,考察沉积物中微生物群落的活性、组成及功能对不同浓度藻源有机质（POM）和陆源腐殖酸（HA）的响应特征.三维荧光分析显示POM化学多样性较高,包含易降解的类蛋白（50%）和难降解的类腐殖质组分（50%）,而类腐殖质占HA荧光组分的97%.两个月的微宇宙实验表明,对于同种NOM,沉积物中微生物矿化作用随NOM浓度升高而增强;但POM组中有机碳去除量显著高于同等浓度的HA组.胞外聚合物分析显示NOM输入有利于微生物分泌蛋白质和多糖,提高了微生物群落的聚集度和稳定性;酶活分析表明POM对脲酶、脱氢酶等有机物代谢酶的激发效应强于HA,形成了代谢更活跃的微生物群落.同时,NOM输入（尤其是POM）提高了微生物群落的物种多样性,增加了Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes等参与有机物分解的菌群丰度,上调了与代谢相关的KEGG功能基因丰度.以上结果表明湖泊沉积物中微生物群落的活性和功能与NOM的来源和浓度有关.     

悬浮液-流动注射-氢化发生原子荧光法测定沉积物中的Pb

研究了一种把悬浮液进样与氢化发生相结合原子荧光光谱法测定沉积物中Pb的方法。控制悬浮液的粒径在0.088mm以下,用磁力搅拌器搅拌以保证悬浮液分散均匀稳定,方法中以盐酸作介质,K3Fe(CN)6为氧化剂,采用水溶液标准作标准曲线测定了沉积物中的Pb,该法的线性范围为0～200μg/L,检出限为0.26μg/L,回收率为92%～107%,精密度小于6.5%。将此法用于标准物质的分析,测定值均在标准值范围之内,结果令人满意,具有实际应用价值。     

长江口沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附与释放的研究

对长江口沉积物进行了释放及吸附P的研究,结果表明长江口海区沉积物对P的释放极少,沉积物吸附大量P后的再释放是缓慢的。经测定,沉积物吸附/释放平衡点的一般为0.038～0.085μg/mL,此值一般高于底层水P浓度,因此推测,长江口地区沉积物有向上覆水释放P的倾向。     

化学强化洗脱修复铜、 菲及其复合污染黄土

采用批平衡法研究了乙二胺四乙酸二钠（EDTA）或/和十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）强化洗脱铜（Cu2＋）或/和菲（PHE）污染的甘肃黄土.结果表明,EDTA或/和SDS能有效地去除单一或复合污染黄土中的Cu2＋或/和PHE,当EDTA浓度〈0.1 mol/L时,共存PHE对Cu2＋的去除有明显的促进作用,而当EDTA浓度〉0...     

汉江上游风成谷地黄土的重矿物组成特征及意义

汉江流域位于黄土高原南侧,属中国南北气候的过渡区域,其重矿物组成对区域沉积物物质来源与演化研究具有重要意义。运用强磁选、重液分离法等技术手段将汉江上游谷地黄土沉积物中的重矿物提取出来,在双目显微镜和偏光显微镜下测定其含量和特征。结果表明:(1)汉江黄土重矿物有22种,其中角闪石、磁铁矿、钛铁矿等矿物为优势矿物,占重矿物总量的60%以上;稳定矿物约占重矿物总量的47.95%,是汉江黄土最主要的矿物组合。(2)典型黄土和古土壤中重矿物种类相同,但含量有一定差异,马兰黄土(L1)相较古土壤(S0)不稳定矿物含量较高,稳定矿物含量较低;(3)汉江黄土与北侧黄土高原黄土相比重矿物种类相似,稳定性组合分布一致,但汉江黄土稳定性矿物含量较高,不稳定性矿物含量较低。这些特征说明:(1)汉江上游地区古土壤和黄土物质来源一致,古土壤S0在物质组成上继承了黄土,是黄土高度风化的产物;(2)汉江谷地黄土和黄土高原风成黄土两者的物源区一致,但汉江地区黄土受到较黄土高原地区强的风化成壤作用。     

上海滨岸沉积物、上覆水中N含量及时空变化

综合分析了上海海岸潮滩表层沉积物有上覆水中营养盐N的含量，结果显示，表层沉积物中NH4^ －N的含量在8月、2月有11月均很高，占50％－98％，在11月份NH4^ －N和NH3^－－N含量均显著增加；在空间分布上，长江口南岸无机氮含量普遍高于杭州湾北岸，其中NH4^ －N含量峰值出现在SDK和BLG，NH3^－－N的沿程分布与NH4^ －N较为一致，二者均受到排污有长江入海径流输入的影响。上覆水中在2月和8月NH^－－N含量普遍高于NH2^－－N和NH4^ －N，而在11月NH4^ －N的含量则明显增加，并超过了NH3^0－N；无机氮沿程分布呈现较大地区差异的特点，而且NH3^－－N含量普通高于NH4^ －N（SDK、WSK、LC除外），这受污水排放和所在沉积环境等多因素控制。在对比分析从20世纪80年代至2000年近20年间上海海岸带无机氮含量的变化趋势，发现上海滨岸水及沉积物总体质量在不断下降。其中滨岸水体岸以国家海水水质标准进行评价，发现各采样点无机氮含量均超过四类海水的标准，而且最大超标幅度达到了9．54倍，形势不容乐观。     

嘉陵江中下游不同河道断面沉积物真菌群落结构与功能

为探究不同干扰对嘉陵江河道沉积物真菌群落的影响,以期为河流生态系统保护提供科学依据. 以嘉陵江干流河道沉积物真菌为研究对象,利用高通量测序和生物信息学技术分析不同类型人为扰动（工程干扰、支流干扰、采砂干扰和垦殖干扰）及无干扰断面河道沉积物真菌群落的组成和功能差异. 结果表明：①垦殖和工程干扰显著抑制了真菌群落物种多样性和丰富度（P<0.05）,支流干扰增加了真菌群落物种丰富度,采砂干扰对沉积物真菌群落的影响不显著. ②低外源物质输入（无干扰和采砂干扰）断面的不同采样点位之间的沉积物真菌多样性和群落结构趋近,高外源物质输入（支流干扰、工程干扰和垦殖干扰）断面的不同采样点位之间的沉积物真菌群落多样性差异显著. ③子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、罗兹菌门（Rozellomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）为嘉陵江沉积物的主要优势真菌门,罗兹菌门的相对丰度在采砂干扰断面最高,担子菌门在支流干扰断面的相对丰度最高. ④工程干扰断面的腐生菌、动物病原菌、植物病原菌和粪腐菌的相对丰度显著增加,其它无干扰断面沉积物中真菌寄生菌-植物病原菌-植物腐生菌的相对丰度最高. 综上所述,人为干扰造成了嘉陵江沉积物真菌多样性、群落结构和功能的变化,外源物质输入是造成这一现象的关键因素,该结果可为预测和评价河流生境质量提供参考依据.     

Hierarchical modeling of the dilute transport of suspended sediment in open channels

We propose, discuss and validate a theoretical and numerical framework for sediment-laden, open-channel flows which is based on the two-fluid-model (TFM) equations of motion. The framework models involve mass and momentum equations for both phases (sediment and water) including the interactive forces of drag, lift, virtual mass and turbulent dispersion. The developed framework is composed by the complete two-fluid model (CTFM), a partial two-fluid model (PTFM), and a standard sediment-transport model (SSTM). Within the umbrella of the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, we apply K–ε type closures (standard and extended) to account for the turbulence in the carrier phase (water). We present the results of numerical computations undertaken by integrating the differential equations over control volumes. We address several issues of the theoretical models, especially those related to coupling between the two phases, interaction forces, turbulence closure and turbulent diffusivities. We compare simulation results with various recent experimental datasets for mean flow variables of the carrier as well as, for the first time, mean flow of the disperse phase and turbulence statistics. We show that most models analyzed in this paper predict the velocity of the carrier phase and that of the disperse phase within 10% of error. We also show that the PTFM provides better predictions of the distribution of sediment in the wall-normal direction as opposed to the standard Rousean profile, and that the CTFM is by no means superior to the PTFM for dilute mixtures. We additionally report and discuss the values of the Schmidt number found to improve the agreement between predictions of the distribution of suspended sediment and the experimental data.     

Naproxen,ibuprofen, and diclofenac residues in river water,sediments and Eichhornia crassipes of Mbokodweni river in South Africa: An initial screening

In the last 5 years, naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac have been the subject of investigation in the South African water resources. In this study, their occurrence in river water, sediments and aquatic plants was investigated. The concentrations of compounds detected in river water and sediments varied from 0.59 to 2.3 µg L^?1 and 0.2 to 9.2?ng g^?1, respectively. The partitioning coefficients (L kg^?1) for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac varied from one sampling location to the other in ranges of 3.36–4, 1.3–1.9 and 0.13–0.91, respectively. This indicates that the fate of these pharmaceuticals can be influenced by the surrounding conditions such as climate and presence of other water pollutants as well as differences in physicochemical parameters. In the aquatic plant species (Eichhornia crassipes), the concentrations of target compounds varied in different parts of the plant material (roots, stems and leaves). Naproxen was the most abundant in Eichhornia crassipes, with the maximum concentration of 12.0?ng g^?1 found in leaves. In this initial assessment, we found no rational trend for the concentrations detected in various parts of Eichhornia crassipes, however, it is speculated that these pharmaceuticals diffuse from water into the roots of the aquatic plants and get translocated into the stem and leaves. Overall, the occurrence of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac in river water, sediments and Eichhornia crassipes was observed, which is an indication that Eichhornia crassipes has the ability to reduce water pollution through the uptake of pharmaceuticals through plant roots.     

合肥市南淝河不同排口表层沉积物磷形态分布特征

对合肥市南淝河不同排口处表层沉积物进行了采样,并采用修正后的标准测试程序SMT和钼锑抗紫外分光光度法测定了其中的总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)和钙磷(Ca-P),同时分析了各形态磷之间以及与沉积物有机质之间的相关性。结果表明,由于各排口附近不同的水动力条件,污染状况以及沉积环境,各排口表层沉积物总磷(TP)的质量分数存在显著差异,其值在771.23~3 065.36 mg/kg之间,除二里河排口(S15)沉积物磷以钙磷(CaP)为主外,其他采样点表层沉积物磷均以铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)为主,各形态P的最低值均在位于南淝河上游的S4点,TP、IP、Fe/Al-P的最大值均出现在位于望塘污水厂排口下游60 m处的S6点,潜在释放磷比例最大值在南淝河上游受农业面源污染影响较大的S3点。沉积物各形态磷之间存在着不同程度的相关性,各形态磷与有机质存在着显著的正相关。以上结果表明,南淝河沉积物磷形态分布特征受排口类型影响显著,其中城市污水处理厂尾水可能是受纳水体沉积物重要的磷源。