长春南湖底泥磷、氮和重金属元素环境地球化学行为研究

利用３个剖面对长春南湖底泥中营养元素及其重金属研究表明,底泥中的氮、磷、铜、铅、锌、锰、铁在平面上和剖面上都有规律变化。在平面上浓度变化与水生植物、水深及与排污口距离有关。在有水生植物的水区磷、氮和重金属元素浓度低于其他区。从剖面上看上层底泥浓度高于下层底泥浓度,表明湖水体近几年污染程度加重。不同图解表明,湖体内污染元素主要与排污口污水有关。为了防止“水变”的出现,挖底泥和放湖水是需要的      

胶州湾不同形态磷的沉积记录及生物可利用性研究

利用磷的连续分级浸取法,研究了胶州湾柱状沉积物不同粒级中磷的赋存形态,并探讨了影响磷含量与分布的因素和沉积物中磷的生物可利用性.结果表明,在细、中和粗3个粒级的沉积物中,无机磷是磷的主要赋存形态,Ca-P则是无机磷的优势形态,有机磷只占较小的比例.粒度、有机碳(OC)、pH以及氧化还原电位等是影响胶州湾沉积物中磷的地球化学特征的重要因素.其中除Ca-P外,其他形态的磷大都随着粒度的变细,含量逐渐增加.磷的生物可利用性分析表明,胶州湾潜在的生物可利用磷主要包括可交换态磷、铝结合态磷、铁结合态磷和有机磷等4种赋存形态,并且潜在的生物可利用磷的含量随着粒度的变细,其所占的比例也逐渐增加.沉积物中生物可利用性磷与浮游植物的数量和水体中的磷酸盐大致呈正相关关系.     

特殊地形地貌区燃煤电厂灰场防渗对策

结合环评实例,介绍了位于特殊地形地貌区燃煤电厂灰场的防渗对策,主要包括位于风化灰岩区、喀斯特地貌区和湿陷性黄土区灰场的防渗措施,从而为特殊地貌区灰场周边水资源保护提供借鉴。     

通吕运河河滩沉积物重金属及营养元素的季节性特征

城市河道污染物的季节性变化能够反映出人类活动的强度和方式,研究其规律能够有效地进行污染控制。通过对南通通吕运河河滩4个采样区域沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机质(OM)和重金属含量的分析,研究城市河流的不同污染源段河滩沉积物营养元素和重金属的季节性含量一般特征。结果表明：在位于入江口的1号区域,营养元素和重金属含量的季节变化比较大, TN、TP、OM和重金属在冬季含量较高;在2号区域居民生活污染较多,Cu、Zn含量较高;3号区域受工业污染较为严重,Pb、Cr、Cd含量较高。由于外来污染源较多,2号和3号区域的污染物季节变化无明显规律。在人类污染物较少的4号区域,污染物含量较低,一般表现出冬高夏低的季节变化。TN、TP、OM与金属之间的相关性研究表明：TN和OM的相关性较好,有机质与重金属之间的相关性也较好。总体来看,城市河道的污染状况与人类活动密切相关。     

Solid partitioning and solid-liquid distribution of Po and Pb in marine anoxic sediments: roads of Cherbourg at the northwestern France

A sequential extraction protocol has been used to determine the solid-phase partition of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in anoxic marine sediment from the roads of Cherbourg (France) in the central English Channel. Measurements were also obtained in pore waters, in which ²¹⁰Po activities range between 1 and 20 mBq L⁻¹ and ²¹⁰Pb activities between 2.4 and 3.8 mBq L⁻¹, with highest activities in the topmost layer. These activities are higher than in seawater, suggesting that sediment act as a source of both ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb for overlying water. The ²¹⁰Po profile in the pore waters is apparently correlated with those obtained for Fe, Mn and SO₄²⁻, suggesting an influence of early diagenetic processes on the ²¹⁰Po solid-liquid distribution. In the sediment, ²¹⁰Po is predominantly bound to organic matter or chromium reducible sulphides, and residuals (clay minerals and refractory oxides). Our results indicate that ²¹⁰Po is not significantly bound to AVS, i.e. acid volatile sulphides: bioturbation could play a role by the early redistribution of ²¹⁰Po bound to acid volatile sulphides in the sediment. ²¹⁰Po, ²¹⁰Pb and Pb exhibit differences in terms of distribution, probably due to a different mode of penetration in the sediment. This work provides information on solid and liquid distribution of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in marine sediment. These data are very scarce in the litterature.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lake sediments from the High Tatras

European alpine lake systems are used as indicators of air quality over the continent. Preliminary data showed high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) loads in the High Tatras (Eastern Europe) in comparison to other mountain regions. Here, insight on the spatial distribution of PAH is provided from analysis of top-core sediments of 27 alpine lakes distributed along the High Tatras.Top-core sediment concentrations were higher than those in deep-cores, and they were higher than those observed in other European high mountain regions. The PAH profiles were uniform and comparable to those observed in aerosols and snow, indicating that atmospheric deposition was the predominant PAH input pathway to the lakes. Good agreement between estimated atmospheric deposition and sedimentation fluxes was observed. However, in several lakes in the western range higher sediment fluxes may correspond to higher PAH depositions levels. The higher concentrations may also reflect inputs from potential emission source areas.     

Distribution of total mercury and methylmercury in lake sediments in Arctic Ny-Ålesund

The toxicities and bioavailabilities of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic systems have made them the subjects of recent research. In this study, we collected a lake sediment core from Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard and analyzed the distributions of THg and MeHg in the sediments. The increased trend of THg was caused by anthropogenic contamination since the 14th century through long-range transportation, especially after the industrial era. However, the peak values of Hg in surface sediment samples could be explained by the increased algal scavenging process in recent decades. All the biogeochemical proxies (e.g., pigments and diatom biomass) revealed recent sharp increases in aquatic primary production due to the current climate warming. Rock-Eval analyses indicated that algal-derived organic matter took up a large portion, and quantitative calculation showed that 89.6-95.8% of the Hg in post-1950 could be explained by scavenging. The distribution of MeHg has a close relationship with total Hg and organic matter. The oxidation-reduction condition is one of the possible factors affecting the methylation rates in H2 lake sediments. Higher algal productivity and organic matter actually led to the increased trend of methylation in the uppermost sediment. This study supports some new key hypotheses on climate-driven factors affecting Hg and MeHg cycling in High Arctic lake sediments.     

干旱半干旱地区湖泊沉积物对Cu2+的吸附-解吸研究

吸附-解吸是重金属在沉积物中迁移转化的重要过程。本文研究干旱半干旱地区湖泊———乌梁素海不同区域沉积物对Cu2+的吸附-解吸过程。结果表明,吸附过程中,pH值逐渐降低;沉积物TOC含量越高,其对Cu2+的吸附能力也越强;生活污水和工业废水影响的S1样点及受农田退水影响的S2样点对Cu2+的吸附量相对较低,而相对较洁净的S3和S4样点具有较高的Cu2+吸附量。4个样点吸附量能力大小为S3>S4>S2>S1。解吸实验显示,沉积物吸附的Cu2+大部分都不能被解吸。试验结果符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,Langmuir方程的拟合效果要好于Freundlich方程,Langmuir方程拟合的饱和吸附量分别为3.31 mg/g、4.84 mg/g、8.39 mg/g和7.75 mg/g。     

堆肥污泥重金属在黄土中的淋滤特征

堆肥污泥中所含重金属是污泥堆肥土地利用最大的障碍,实验选用北方贫瘠的黄土作为供试样品,通过室内土柱淋滤实验,对堆肥污泥重金属在黄土中的淋滤特征进行了研究。结果显示,在0～40 cm的浅层淋滤层,各种重金属在黄土中的纵向迁移能力为:Pb>Zn>Ni>Cu,而在50～55 cm的深层淋滤层,Cd在黄土中的迁移能力相对其他4种重金属是比较强的;各种重金属在50～60 cm深层淋滤层中会出现二次富集,出现明显富集层。研究揭示了堆肥污泥重金属在黄土中的迁移特征,为有效控制和消除堆肥污泥土地利用中重金属的污染研究提供了理论依据。     

城市内河沉积物硝态氮释放行为的模拟研究

沉积物营养盐的释放已引起相关学者的极大兴趣,对沉积物中硝态氮的释放行为研究还鲜有关注。通过室内模拟研究,考察不同pH、温度、扰动、曝气和光照条件下硝态氮的释放行为。研究结果表明,中性条件下,沉积物硝态氮释放速率最快;温度对硝态氮的释放起着明显的促进作用,随着温度的增加,硝化菌活性增强,硝态氮释放速率明显加快。同时,扰动、曝气和光照对硝态氮的释放也起着一定的促进作用。