长江南京段水、悬浮物及沉积物中多氯有毒有机污染物

对长江南京段水、悬浮物及沉积物中多氯有毒有机污染物进行了分析测定,由色谱/质谱测得的结果表明,水和沉积物中多氯有机污染物的浓度较低,低于欧洲主要河流中的含量水平.悬浮物中这类污染物总含量较高,为56.45～62.35μg/kg,而水中总含量仅为14.61～15.83ng/L.由于长江中污染物被充分稀释与混匀,各采样点的水和悬浮物中该类污染物的浓度变化不大,两相间具有较好的相关性.但各采样点的沉积物中多氯有机污染物含量差异甚大,表明悬浮物的沉积极不均一.沉积物中主要污染物是六氯苯（HCB）和它的代谢产物五氯苯（PeCB）以及滴滴涕（DDT）的代谢产物,其他多氯有机污染物含量很低.     

CHemical and Biological Assessment of an Urban, Estuarine marsh in Northeastern New Jersey USA

Oritani Marsh in the Hackensack Meadowlands of urbanized northeastern New Jersey USA was assessed in 2000 for vegetation, soil/sediment chemistry, abundance/diversity of benthic invertebrates, and bird and mammal usage. Vegetatively, both marsh and uplands are dominated by tall, dense Phragmites australis. Small patches (less than 2 hectares total) dominated by Spartina spp. were found at the lowest elevations. Soil/sediment cores were sliced into 5 intervals and analyzed for metals, pesticides and volatile/semivolatile organic compounds. Thirteen locations had at least one chemical above Long et al.’s [Environmental Management, 19, 1995, 81--97] “Effects Range-Median” (ERM). Seven metals and nine organics exceeded ERM in at least one sample, with mercury showing the most exceedances. The surface 15 cm interval was generally more contaminated with metals than the 15 to 30 cm interval; the reverse was true for semivolatile organic compounds. Twenty taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates were collected, with each location producing from 1 to 9 taxa. Abundance ranged from 11 to 3,889 individuals/m². Number of taxa was moderately (r ² between 0.40 and 0.70) negatively correlated with zinc, beryllium, nickel and arsenic concentrations; no other chemical’s r ² was above 0.25. Diversity was moderately negatively correlated with arsenic and beryllium. These correlations were unexpected: zinc, beryllium, nickel and arsenic were not the chemicals found at the highest concentrations relative to benchmarks. Number of taxa, abundance and diversity were moderately (negatively) correlated with elevation; organic carbon was moderately (positively) correlated with abundance. All other correlations were weak (r ² < 0.35). Live traps captured only one mammal species, the meadow jumping mouse. Bird observations revealed 39 species, dominated by a few common species.     

An Effective Means of Biofiltration of Heavy Metal Contaminated Water Bodies Using Aquatic Weed Eichhornia crassipes

Various aquatic plant species are known to accumulate heavy metals through the process of bioaccumulation. World’s most troublesome aquatic weed water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has been studied for its tendency to bio-accumulate and bio-magnify the heavy metal contaminants present in water bodies. The chemical investigation of plant parts has shown that it accumulates heavy metals like lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) to a large extent. Of all the heavy metals studied Pb, Zn and Mn tend to show greater affinity towards bioaccumulation. The higher concentration of metal in the aquatic weed signifies the biomagnification that lead to filtration of metallic ions from polluted water. The concept that E. crassipes can be used as a natural aquatic treatment system in the uptake of heavy metals is explored.     

长江沉积物中痕量氯代酚类化合物的测定

本文利用同位素稀释质谱法对长江南京段沉积物中１８种氯代酚进行了分离鉴定,结果表明,沉积物中ＣＰｓ的含量以五氯苯酚为主,     

基于快速消解的海洋沉积物重金属ICP-MS测定条件优化

准确测定海洋沉积物中重金属元素的含量,是开展海洋生态环境评价与管理的基础。比较研究了当前生态环境监测领域几种主要的检测标准方法和近年热门的土壤快速消解法对海洋沉积物中重金属的检测效果。通过研究不同消解体系、消解压力、校准溶液配制方法以及内标元素、内标浓度等条件对海洋沉积物重金属测定效果的影响,优化了海洋沉积物样品的快速消解过程和测定条件。结果表明:优化后的快速消解方法针对Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的方法检出限为0.004~0.8 mg/kg,测定下限为0.016~3.2 mg/kg,回收率为95.4%~109.2%,相对标准偏差为0%~3.22%,方法准确可靠、快速高效,满足海洋沉积物样品(尤其是大批量样品)的重金属测试需求。     

梳子坝淤砂形态特征试验研究

通过室内水槽试验,探讨梳子坝淤砂的形态特征、淤砂长度和回淤坡度等,初步得到:(1)梳子坝在全闭塞时,淤砂形态与实体坝相似,在淤砂区的前部,淤砂高度大致等于坝体高度,在淤砂区的尾部,都有一个明显的陡坎;梳子坝在部分闭塞时,淤砂形态与不闭塞情况下淤砂形态相似,在淤砂区的前部,都有一个缓坡。不闭塞时形成的缓坡坡度稍大于部分闭塞时的缓坡坡度,但都明显小于水下休止角,表明梳子坝淤砂形态异于狭缝坝。(2)梳子坝淤砂长度与切口宽度有关,大致有随着切口宽度的增大而减短的趋势;切口密度和泥石流浓度对淤砂长度有影响,淤砂长度有大致随切口密度的增大而堆积长度减短的趋势。(3)在相同试验条件下,梳子坝回淤坡度与实体坝相比大致相近,波动范围很小;在相同的切口宽度条件下,切口密度对回淤坡度有一定的影响,同时证明沟床坡度和泥石流的物质级配、容重及规模对回淤坡度也有一定影响。     

贵州梵净山九龙池沉积物14C年代学研究及全新世碳累积速率变化

放射性碳同位素加速器质谱(ASM¹⁴C)测年法是湖泊沉积物定年的主要方法,并且是全新世年代学研究的热点。随着对全新世古气候与环境变化研究的深入,选取不同介质定年可能对年代模型的准确性造成误差,进而影响到气候指标的解译。本文选取贵州东北部梵净山九龙池沉积物中树枝、树叶、树皮、种子等植物残体和全样有机质作为测年介质,利用ASM¹⁴C进行定年。结果表明,相比全样有机质,使用植物残体定年可以在一定程度上避免碳库效应的影响。但相比于原位沉积且生长年限较短的叶片,树枝的定年结果偏老,不是一种理想的定年介质。另外,根据定年结果及总有机碳含量重建了全新世九龙池的碳累积速率,发现碳累积速率可以指示该地区亚洲夏季风强度的变化历史。     

辽河表层沉积物重金属生态风险与综合毒性表征

采用ICP-MS测定了辽河26个支流表层沉积物间隙水中7种重金属(Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni、As、Cd)的含量,并应用间隙水毒性基准单位(IWCTU)和Nemeraw指数(NI)对间隙水重金属生态风险进行了评价;同时利用摇蚊幼虫活体生物毒性测试方法评估了辽河流域26个支流表层沉积物的综合毒性。研究结果显示,辽河支流表层沉积物间隙水7种重金属平均含量为:Pb 3.92μg·L-1,Cu 5.73μg·L-1,Cr 7.21μg·L-1,Zn 4.33μg·L-1,Ni 4.48μg·L-1,As 5.89μg·L-1,Cd 0.29μg·L-1,根据IWCTU值和NI值,柴河、养息牧、亮子河、凡河、付家窝堡、接官厅具有潜在的生态风险;综合毒性表征结果表明,柴河、长沟子河、付家窝堡、柳河、一统河、潮沟河表层沉积物对摇蚊幼虫具有较高毒性。结合重金属毒性和综合毒性分析,认为辽河流域支流表层沉积物毒性应该是由复合污染形成,而不仅仅是重金属污染。     

沉积物中六氯苯在均匀电动力学作用下的迁移

分析了六氯苯在沉积物中吸附特性,研究了影响沉积物中六氯苯在均匀电动力学作用下的迁移.结果表明,均匀电动力学过程能有效地促进沉积物中HCB的解吸和迁移,其作用效果与反应时间、沉积物初始pH值、电极电压和电解质投加量等密切相关.