合肥市南淝河不同排口表层沉积物磷形态分布特征

对合肥市南淝河不同排口处表层沉积物进行了采样,并采用修正后的标准测试程序SMT和钼锑抗紫外分光光度法测定了其中的总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)和钙磷(Ca-P),同时分析了各形态磷之间以及与沉积物有机质之间的相关性。结果表明,由于各排口附近不同的水动力条件,污染状况以及沉积环境,各排口表层沉积物总磷(TP)的质量分数存在显著差异,其值在771.23~3 065.36 mg/kg之间,除二里河排口(S15)沉积物磷以钙磷(CaP)为主外,其他采样点表层沉积物磷均以铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)为主,各形态P的最低值均在位于南淝河上游的S4点,TP、IP、Fe/Al-P的最大值均出现在位于望塘污水厂排口下游60 m处的S6点,潜在释放磷比例最大值在南淝河上游受农业面源污染影响较大的S3点。沉积物各形态磷之间存在着不同程度的相关性,各形态磷与有机质存在着显著的正相关。以上结果表明,南淝河沉积物磷形态分布特征受排口类型影响显著,其中城市污水处理厂尾水可能是受纳水体沉积物重要的磷源。     

巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷的形态分级研究

为识别巢湖流域污染物的特征、来源及其沉积物有机磷各形态分布与富营养化的关系,测定了7条巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态的含量,分析不同污染类型人湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态分布的差异及与其他因素间的相关性。研究发现,不同污染类型人湖河流沉积物中水土保持控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序为残渣态Po〉富里酸-Po〉HCl-Po〉胡敏酸-Po〉NaHCO3-Po,平均的相对比例为7．5：3．1：1．9：1．5：1．0,而城市污染控制型和面源污染控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序恰好相同,面源污染控制型河流沉积物Po各形态含量低于城市污染控制型和水土保持控制型河流。中活性P。和OM、TP、Pi、Po、TN、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOH—Pi呈正相关,非活性Po与Po、NaOH-Pi呈显著正相关关系,反映了中活性Po很容易转化为生物可利用磷和非活性Po,且非活性Po仍然具有潜在的生物活性。     

污染底泥掩蔽材料筛选综述

随着经济的高速发展,水体底泥污染已成为世界性的一个环境问题。掩蔽修复是一种修复效果明显,且工程造价较低的水体底泥修复技术,而掩蔽技术的关键在于掩蔽材料的选择。本文主要介绍了水泥、粉煤灰、沸石、方解石、铝盐等研究较为成熟的且具有应用前景的掩蔽材料,分析其各自的原理及优缺点。同时作者在文章中提出了一种新的掩蔽剂——净水厂改性污泥,对其的可行性进行了分析。并就掩蔽材料的选择的技术要求以及原则作出分析。     

Validation of a GC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of 86 persistent organic pollutants in marine sediments by pressurized liquid extraction followed by stir bar sorptive extraction

A multiresidue method for the analysis of 86 persistent pollutants in marine sediments at ultra-trace level has been developed and validated using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) coupled with thermal desorption and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS/MS QqQ). The compounds analyzed belong to various families such as polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polybrominated diphenylethers, organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides and other pesticides such as urons, and triazines. The analytes have very different polarities and log K_ow values, which is an important parameter in the optimization of a SBSE method. Due to PLE high efficiency and throughput rates, along with the proven ability for multiresidue analysis and excellent sensitivity of SBSE, we present an efficient method. The limits of quantification obtained ranged from 0.014 to 1.0 ng g⁻¹, with detection limits below pg g⁻¹ levels. In order to validate the proposed methodology, quality parameters such as recovery, linearity and reproducibility were studied. Recoveries ranged from 63% to 119%, reproducibility (in terms of Relative Standard Deviation for ten determinations) was lower than 35% in all cases, and determination coefficients higher than 0.990 for all analytes. The main factors that affect PLE, SBSE and GC-MS/MS procedures were optimized. The method was applied to the analysis of nine marine sediments obtained from the nine main submarine wastewater discharge points (emissaries) presents along the coast of Tenerife Island (Canary Islands, Spain).     

Correlation of the methylating capacity of river and marine sediments to their organic sediment index

Methylation experiments of the metals Sn, Pb and Hg were carried out using representative terrestrial and marine sediment samples from the Axios river and Thermaikos Gulf in northern Greece. GC-FID, GC-TCD and GC-MS were used. The experiments were carried out on sterilised and bioactive samples by adding pure metals and metal salts (chloride, nitrate, oxalate, acetic, penicillaminic, methioninic and cysteinic). Except for sterilised HgCl2, methylated derivatives of Sn, Pb and Hg were produced only from bioactive sediments, and therefore higher yields were measured when nutrients were added to the sediments. Volatile products (CH4, CO2, H2S) of biological activity range between 35 and 250 mg l-. The correlation of methylation yield with organic sediment index (OSI), determined as the wt% product of [organic carbon] × [organic nitrogen], is positive for all the metals and metal salts added in the sediments. Methylation yields for Hg are found to be four orders of magnitude higher than those of Pb and Sn. In low OSI (terrestrial) sediments, the rate of Hg-methylation is higher than those of Pb and Sn. In high OSI (marine) sediments, where methylation of most of the contained Hg has taken place, methylation of Pb is slightly faster than Sn.     

海河干流表层沉积物总磷、总铁和有机质的含量及相关性分析

采用深水表层沉积物采样器采集海河干流8个断面的表层沉积物,测定不同粒径表层沉积物的总磷(TP)、总铁(TFe)和有机质(OM)含量,并采用多元线性回归分析方法对TP与TFe和OM含量进行相关性分析.结果表明:海河干流表层沉积物的颗粒组成除光华桥断面分布较均匀外,其余各断面主要以砂粒(>54%)为主;沉积物的TP含量为29.00～78.99 μmol/g,TFe含量为595.67～719.91 μmol/g,w(OM)为3.77%～8.79%;同一断面不同粉砂粒之间的TP,TFe和OM含量没有显著性差异(P>0.05),而不同断面之间的差异十分显著(P<0.01).TP与OM和TFe的相关分析结果显示:除金刚桥、外环河桥与中心桥外,其余断面的TP与TFe和OM均具有良好的相关性(R2>0.85).      

HCI改性沸石和方解石复合覆盖层控制底泥氮磷释放的效果及机理研究

提出了HCl改性沸石和方解石复合覆盖控制底泥氮磷释放的新方法,利用摇床振荡试验和底泥氮磷释放控制模拟试验,设计了5种底泥处理方案,重点针对HCl改性沸石和方解石复合覆盖技术研究了其抑制底泥氮磷释放的效果及机理.结果表明,方解石覆盖层可以较好地抑制底泥磷的释放,而对底泥氨氮释放的抑制效果较差.天然沸石和方解石复合覆盖层不仅可以有效地抑制底泥氨氮的释放,而且可以有效地抑制底泥磷的释放.采用HCl对沸石进行改性,可以提高沸石和方解石复合覆盖层抑制底泥磷释放的效率,模拟期间复合覆盖层对底泥磷释放通量的抑制率由天然沸石的84%提高到HCl改性沸石的91%.采用HCl对沸石进行改性,降低了沸石和方解石复合覆盖系统有效控制底泥氨氮释放的持续时间,与天然沸石相比,相同投加量条件下HCl改性沸石有效控制底泥氨氮释放的持续时间缩短了1/3左右.采用HCl对沸石进行改性增强了复合覆盖系统抑制底泥磷释放效率的机理与HCl改性降低了沸石Na 的交换量并提高了沸石H 的交换量相关.     

桑沟湾沉积物中磷的赋存形态及生物有效性

以桑沟湾表层沉积物为研究对象,利用连续提取法对8个采样点沉积物中磷的赋存形态、含量及分布特征进行了研究,并探讨了磷的生物有效性.结果表明：①无机磷（IP）是桑沟湾表层沉积物中磷（TP）的主要形态,平均占总磷的73.33%,有机磷（OP）只占较小的比例.②无机磷中钙结合磷占的比例相对较大,平均占总磷的45.22%,是沉积物中磷的主要赋存形态,可交换磷、铁结合磷、碎屑磷占总磷的比例分别为9.92%、4.74%、13.46%.③对各形态磷的相关分析结果表明,总磷的含量及空间分布主要受有机磷的影响与控制(P<0.05),无机磷受自生钙结合磷的影响较大(P<0.01).④磷的生物有效性分析结果表明,桑沟湾表层沉积物中潜在生物有效性磷的含量为358.05～448.39 μg/g,平均占总磷的86.54%,具有很强的释磷潜力.     

Spatial distribution of dissolved Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu and As in the Bohai Sea

Characteristics of the spatial distribution of selected dissolved heavy metals were analyzed during large scale surveys from August 12 to 25,2003 in the Bohai Sea.Dissolved Pb was the only element with average concentrations higher than the grade-one sea water quality standard of China.The spatial distribution of dissolved Pb in surface water was similar to those of Cd,Cu and As,where the isopleths generally indicated decreasing values from the bays to the central areas.Only for Hg did the high concentrations not only appear in Liaodong Bay,Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay,but also in the Central Area,viz.not only in inshore but also in offshore areas. Vertical distributions of dissolved Pb,Cd,Cu and As were largely uniform,while that of dissolved Hg increased with depth.We infer that the input of pollutants from land was the main influencing factor for the detected distribution patterns of dissolved heavy metals, followed by the dynamics of sea water,release from bottom sediments and biochemical processes.Comparing with historical data, average concentrations of dissolved heavy metals appear to decline in recent years.