Partitioning of Cs-137 Between Sediment and Water From the Black Sea

Abstract

As part of a joint USA/USSR Environmental Agreement to determine the distribution and concentration of Chernobyl radioactivity in the northwest Black Sea area, the sediment from eight stations was collected and analyzed to assess the ability of this material to adsorb radiocaesium. Batch tests were conducted in which Cs-137 tracer was added to mixtures of sediment and bottom water, with contact solutions ranging from 85 Bq ml^?1 to 1,760 Bq ml^?1. This work was done in an argon atmosphere at 9.5°C, which is the average temperature of the sediment. Isotherms were linear for all cores and distribution ratios (R_D) calculated from the slopes of the isotherms ranged from 660 to 1,660 ml g^?1. These isotherms fit a simplified Freundlich isotherm. Correlations of R_D to a number of sediment parameters describing texture and mineralogy were determined. A close relationship was observed between R_D for caesium and the percentage of illite contained in the samples.     

Source and Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Coastal Taiwan Sediments

Coastal sediments and oyster farming is severely affected by the industrial effluents in the coastal region near LuGong, Taiwan. Surficial sediments and oyster samples were collected from a coastal area near a major electro-plating industry. Spatial variation in heavy metal contents in sediments was studied in relationship to the main pathway of contamination and geochemical association with natural constituents of the sediments.

Spatial trends of heavy metals in the sediment reflected inputs of pollutants from the poorly-treated electro-plating effluents in the surrounding county and transported downstream by the Yang-tse-tru River. Effluent related heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Cd) is extremely high in the study region sediments. the highest concentrations were observed near shore, especially upstream in the Yang-tse-tru River sediments. Heavy metal concentrations decreased rapidly in a seaward direction. Heavy metal concentrations in near shore sediments were as high as some highly industrialized harbour sediments in the USA (e.g. Boston and San Diego).

Significant differences and high concentrations of heavy metals were also observed in oysters from the study region. Heavy metals from the study region were two to five times higher than in oysters from other pristine areas in Taiwan.     

Trace metal distribution in different chemical fractions of marine sediments along the eastern Aegean shelf

The major objective of this study was to carry out sequential chemical extraction for the partitioning of particulate trace metals in sediment samples, collected along the eastern Aegean shelf during cruises July‐August 1994, in the framework of a National Marine Measurement and Monitoring Programme for the Aegean Sea.

Five metals, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Cr were examined in each of sediment samples. Three chemical fractions of the sediments were separated and concentrations of the trace metals were determined by AAS techniques. The three different leaches used were hydroxylamine hydrochloride‐acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and nitric‐perchloric acids.

Metals were concentrated mainly in the fraction extracted by nitric‐perchloric acids. Lead in the first fraction were found in the sediments of Northern part of Aegean, where the concentration of organic material was high.

The total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr were higher in Izmir Bay than the other sampling points. The distribution of Pb concentrations was the highest in Edremit Bay and Izmir Bay.     

Chemical fractionation of metals in core sediments of Orogodo River,southern Nigeria

Sequential chemical extraction of metals (Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cr, and Zn) from core sediments of the Orogodo River was carried out with a view of providing information on the phase distribution of these metals with respect to depths and seasons. The results indicate that copper was speciated into organic matter/sulfide, Fe–Mn oxides, and residual forms at 0–5?cm depth while at deeper sections copper was predominantly in the residual form. Nickel was speciated mainly into Fe–Mn oxides and residual forms. The average of lead in various particulate phases of the sediment are 0–100% for residual; 0–8% for carbonate; 0–16.2% for exchangeable; 0–10% for organic matter/sulfide form and 22–56% for Fe–Mn oxides bound metals. Manganese was speciated into exchangeable (10–36%) and Fe–Mn oxides bound (10–48%) at the surface layers of 0–20?cm depths and predominantly in the residual form in deeper sections implying partitioning into trioctahydral clay and/or well-defined crystalline oxides. Iron was predominantly in the Fe–Mn oxides and residual fractions, less than 8% in the organic fraction, and 24.4–37.3% in the exchangeable and carbonates fractions at the surface. The percentage contributions of iron in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions decreased to 3.2% at 55–60?cm depth. The amount of chromium in the exchangeable fraction ranged from 0% to 7% for exchangeable; 0–26.5% for organic matter/sulfide bound; 3.8–17.9% for Fe–Mn oxides; and 46.8–100% for residual fraction. The mobility factors of the metals indicated that these metals were relatively mobile at top sections as compared with deeper sections. The overall picture of metal mobility and availability indicates potential contamination risk by Fe, Zn, Mn, and Pb in the Orogodo River sediment system.     

洱海沉积物中不同形态氮的时空分布特征

为揭示沉积物中氮形态变化的影响因素及其生态效应,对洱海表层沉积物中不同形态氮的空间分布和季节性变化特征进行了研究. 结果表明:洱海表层沉积物中w(TN)在2354～6174mg/kg之间,空间分布呈湖区北部＞南部＞中部的趋势;w(TTN) (TTN为可交换态氮)在1158～2921mg/kg之间,占w(TN)的43%,其分布趋势与w(TN)相同;各形态TTN表现为SOEF-N(强氧化剂可提取态氮,w为974～2515mg/kg)＞WAEF-N(弱酸可提取态氮,w为91～210mg/kg)＞SAEF-N(强碱可提取态氮,w为38～198mg/kg)＞IEF-N(离子交换态氮,w为66～130mg/kg),w(WAEF-N)和w(IEF-N)的分布趋势与w(TTN)相同,w(SAEF-N)中部较高,w(SOEF-N)南部较高. 沉积物中w(TN)和w(NTN)(NTN为非转化态氮)7月较高,TTN及其各形态氮质量分数1月较高. 不同形态氮质量分数随沉积物深度的增加均呈下降趋势,NTN的富集速率高于TN. 洱海沉积物中w(TN)高于长江中下游湖泊,表层TN富集明显. 沉积物氮释放风险较大,但其w(TTN)和w(IEF-N)占w(TN)的比例低于长江中下游湖泊,即洱海沉积物氮释放量小于长江中下游湖泊;洱海沉积物中各形态氮质量分数与w(TOM)均呈显著正相关,与水深呈负相关,显示有机态氮与有机质同步沉积且受外源输入影响较大,w(IEF-N)分布同时受水生植物等影响.      

太湖表层沉积物中PAHs的空间分布及风险评价

采用GC-MS方法测定了太湖湖区20个典型采样点表层沉积物中的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,共检出13种PAHs,其浓度〔w(PAHs)〕范围为4223~2 0011 μgkg. 其中,属于我国优先控制的污染物有5种,属于US EPA（美国国家环境保护局）优先控制的污染物有11种,w(PAHs)为2775~1 7568 μgkg,最高浓度出现在太湖梅梁湾区域,PAHs在湖区总体的空间分布趋势呈梅梁湾＞南部区＞东部区＞湖心区. 风险评价结果表明,针对检测出的11种US EPA优先控制的PAHs,除了某些采样点的芴（Flu）浓度处于中度潜在风险水平外,其余10种PAHs尚未对水环境造成明显危害风险影响. 利用特征化合物指数法对PAHs进行源分析发现,其主要来源是燃料燃烧.      

海洋沉积物中甾醇类物质的气相色谱/质谱方法分析

应用超声提取技术,结合硅胶-中性氧化铝柱层析净化分离,BSTFA+1%TMCS衍生,及气相色谱-质谱定性定量技术,建立了海洋表层沉积物中8种甾醇类化合物的定量分析方法.实验采用正交实验优化了提取过程中提取剂种类、试剂体积和超声时间,同时对比并优化了柱层析淋洗液的配比、用量以及衍生剂的用量.结果表明,50 mL二氯甲烷/甲醇(V/V,2∶1),超声40 min,超声3次,总甾醇的萃取率可达99.6%;3 g硅胶+2 g中性氧化铝层析,35 mL二氯甲烷/甲醇(V/V,9∶1)淋洗净化回收最佳;8种甾醇在0—848μg.L-1范围内有良好的线性关系;方法检测限为1.2—2.4 ng.g-1.在3种浓度水平0.05、0.1和1.0μg.g-1下,其平均回收率为76.2%—100.9%,相对标准偏差为1.0%—10.3%.应用本方法检测大连湾的3个沉积物样品,8种甾醇的含量在0.079—6.833μg.g-1范围内.本方法的灵敏度高、准确度好,适合用于沉积物样品中甾醇物质的检测要求.     

镇江市老城区不同功能区地表灰尘重金属污染评价

通过采集江苏省镇江市老城区的交通区、大市口广场、江滨公园、商业区、居民区、文教区等不同功能区地表灰尘共54个样品,对其Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、Mn 7种重金属进行分析测定.结果表明,交通区Cu、Ni、Cr、Mn、Cd的平均含量要明显高于其它功能区,Zn的含量在文教区最高,Pb的含量在居民区最高.地累积指数评价表明交通区、文教区两个功能区中Cd达偏重度污染,文教区中Zn也达偏重度污染;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,交通区、大市口广场、文教区3个功能区的潜在生态风险指数均为中等生态危害;江滨公园、商业区、居民区3个功能区的潜在生态风险指数均为轻微生态危害.     

Sediment geochemistry and arsenic mobilization in shallow aquifers of the Datong basin,northern China

Understanding the mechanism of arsenic (As) mobilization from sediments to groundwater is important for water quality management in areas of endemic arsenic poisoning, such as the Datong basin in northern China. The bulk geochemistry analysis of sediment samples from three 50-m boreholes drilled specifically for this study at As-contaminated aquifers, the groundwaters of which have an As concentration up to 1060 μg/l, revealed that the average bulk concentrations of major and trace elements of the samples are similar to those of the average upper continental crust. The average As content of the sediment samples (18.7 mg/kg) is higher than that of modern unconsolidated sediments (5–10 mg/kg). Moreover, the abundance of elements varied with grain size, with higher concentrations in finer fractions of the sediments, such as silt and clay. The concentration of NH₂OH–HCl-extracted iron (Fe) strongly correlated with that of extracted As, suggesting that Fe oxyhydroxides may be the major sink of As in the aquifer. The results of microcosm experiments showed that As mobilization from sediments to groundwater is probably mainly related to changes in the redox conditions, with moderately reducing conditions being favorable for As release from sediments into groundwater.     

菲对湘江沉积物吸附镉的影响

制备了镉单独污染和镉-菲复合污染的模拟水样,研究了菲对湘江沉积物吸附模拟水样中镉的动力学和热力学特征的影响,并进一步研究了在不同水样pH和ρ(沉积物)下,菲存在与否及ρ(菲)对沉积物吸附镉的影响.结果表明,无论菲存在与否,湘江沉积物吸附镉的热力学数据均能够用Langmuir方程拟合,相关系数达到0.99以上,属单分子层吸附;动力学数据均可用拉格朗日二级动力学方程拟合,相关系数接近1;以化学吸附过程为主,且在湘江沉积物上的吸附均以快速吸附为主;但是菲的存在削弱了沉积物对镉的吸附能力,提高了镉的解吸率.在试验范围内随着水样pH逐渐增大,菲对沉积物吸附镉的影响越小;ρ(菲)越大,沉积物对镉的吸附量越小;菲对沉积物吸附镉的影响主要是由于菲与镉竞争沉积物颗粒矿物之间的孔隙以及甲醇化的菲分子与颗粒的结合掩蔽了颗粒物表面的部分极性基团两方面原因造成的.