AVS-SEM relationships and potential bioavailability of trace metals in sediments from the Southeastern Mediterranean sea,Egypt

In risk assessment of aquatic sediments, much attention is paid to the difference between acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) as indicators of metal bioavailability. Distribution of AVS and SEM (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in 20 representative sampling sites collected along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. Total SEM concentration [ΣSEM] ranged from 0.012 to 0.241 μmoleg^?1. AVS concentrations were much more variable, showing significant spatial variations. The values ranged from 0.015 to 31.326 μmoleg^?1. The different relationships between AVS and SEM to establish mechanical models such as the ratio of ΣSEM and AVS [ΣSEM/AVS], the difference between the ΣSEM and AVS [ΣSEM–AVS], or the organic carbon normalised difference between SEM and AVS [ΣSEM-AVS]/f_oc models were used as parameters to evaluate potential bioavailability. Considering SEM/AVS model, sediments at the Western Harbour, Eastern Harbour, Ras El-Burr, El-Gamil East, and Port Said stations are occasionally toxic, while according to SEM-AVS model, no indication of associated adverse toxic effect would occur at any of the sampling sites. Calculated [ΣSEM-AVS]/f_oc was<130 μmoleg^?1 in the sediments indicating that sediments should pose a low risk of adverse biological effects owing to cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. Association of adverse effects to aquatic organisms was determined, using the classification of the sediments according to the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). The marine Threshold Effect Levels (TEL) and Probable Effect Levels (PEL) were used in this work and in order to obtain a more realistic measure of predicted toxicity, mean PEL quotients (PELq) were calculated. The mean PELq calculated for the sampling sites was (0.11–1.5) and categorised as slightly toxic at all stations except Baghoush, Nobarreya and western harbour, which had PELq<0.1 and categorised as non-toxic. The obtained data concluded that the remobility and bioavailability of trace metals contained in surfacial sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coastal area are low.     

洞庭湖底泥中二英污染现状及水动力对其分布的影响?

2013年9月采集洞庭湖区三口四水入湖口,东、西、南洞庭湖湖区以及出湖口沉积物,采用同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱－高分辨质谱法测定了沉积物中的二英（ PCDD／Fs）．结果表明洞庭湖沉积物中二英的浓度范围为153—7144 pg·g－1 dw （干重）,小河嘴最低,虞公庙最高．对比国内外其他淡水湖泊河流二英浓度,洞庭湖污染程度相对较低．二英污染水平依次为洞庭湖湖区＞出湖口＞入湖口,湖区内污染水平依次为南洞庭湖＞东洞庭湖＞西洞庭湖．主要同类物为OCDD,贡献率范围为77％—97％．PCDD／Fs的污染水平比1995年下降1—2个数量级,但和2004年污染水平相当．沉积物中二英的含量与水的流速成反比．洞庭湖出口处PCDD／Fs浓度相比入湖口和湖区浓度处于中间水平,表明洞庭湖中的二英可能会随水流进入长江中下游．     

Trace metals in “ Posidonia oceanica ” seagrass from south-eastern Sicily

Heavy-metal concentrations were measured in sediments and tissues of Posidonia oceanica seagrass from south-eastern Sicily (Italy) in order to assess the degree of metal pollution in the coastal area. Seagrasses and sediments were collected at four sites along the south-eastern coast of Sicily. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) was used to measure concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Standard statistical analyses were used to assess significant differences among the levels of the elements measured in different tissues and sediment and spatial distribution. The greatest values of potentially toxic metal concentrations were observed at the station near the industrial sites of Augusta and Priolo. Comparisons with the concentrations of the same metals in other sites of north and western Sicily and with data from surveys in other areas of the Mediterranean Sea are shown.     

珠江三角洲工业区土壤(沉积物)重金属污染特征及防治对策--以石龙和容桂工业区为例

对珠三角两个代表性乡镇工业区的土壤（沉积物）重金属污染现状和来源进行了评价。结果表明,两工业区在主要污染元素类型和综合污染程度上很相似,表层土壤（沉积物）均以Hg、As、Cu的污染为主,且均以Hg的污染最严重;但在某些次要污染元素种类以及某些主要、次要污染元素的单个元素污染程度上存在一些差异。柱样沉积物中重金属的变化特征进一步说明,两工业区土壤（沉积物）中重金属的累积与我国尤其是本地区的工农业发展阶段和发展水平密切相关。文章最后提出了乡镇工业区土壤（沉积物）重金属污染的几点建设性防治对策。     

Species of copper and zinc in sediments collected from the antarctic ocean and the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal area

The species of copper and zinc, such as bioexchangeable, skeletal, easily reducible (Fe and Mn oxides), moderately reducible (crystalline Mn oxide), organic combined with sulfides, and detritus with minerals, in mud and sand, separated from the surface Antarctic Ocean and the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal (including river and estuarine) sediments, have been analyzed by sequential leaching methods. Results show that in the Antarctic Ocean sediments, high concentrations of total copper (128 mg/kg) and zinc (458 mg/kg) were found in the high mud (99.09%) content samples compared with the low concentrations of total copper (83.8 mg/kg) and zinc (288 mg/kg) in low mud (51.69%) content samples. High concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese and iron are possibly due to the characteristics of manganese nodules, in which the species of copper and zinc are mainly contained in the crystalline Mn oxide phase. In the Taiwan Erhjin Chi coastal sediments, the total copper and zinc concentrations in mud and sand vary with season and location. High values were generally observed in the river sediments during the dry season, and low values were in the estuarine and coastal sediments during the heavy rainy season. High percentages of copper (as high as 49.4%) and zinc (as high as 76.7%) in mud and sand were in the bioexchangeable phase including the skeletal phase. This result might be correlated with the problems arising from human impact on copper and zinc as well as sewage pollution in Taiwan. In the organic combined phase, biogenic particulate matter related to higher primary productivity in the Antarctic Ocean is also discussed.     

望虞河表层沉积物中氮的分布与形态变化特征

为了揭示望虞河沉积物中氮的分布与形态变化特征及环境影响因素,于2011年5月、8月、11月和12月采集沿线10个监测断面的表层沉积物。利用逐级分离浸取法(BCR)测定沉积物中各形态氮的含量,并观测其主要理化指标。结果表明,(1)沉积物中总氮(TN)含量为347.85~2 733.56 mg/kg并沿程上升,其中排水期8月TN含量最高且沿程变化较大,调水期TN分布与变化趋势相近。以沉积物中TN含量为污染评价标准,沉积物在5月和12月较清洁,在11月为轻度污染,而在8月为重度污染状态。(2)望虞河上河段和贡湖湾表层沉积物中TN及各形态氮的含量较低,氮在5月、8月和11月以非转化态氮(NEF-N)为主,而在12月以可转化态氮(TF-N)为主,其中离子交换态氮(IEF-N)和有机态与硫化物结合态(OSF-N)受水环境变化影响较大。(3)在调水期,IEF-N和OSF-N含量较大且沿程变化较大,CF-N和IMOF-N显示出明显季节差异性;在排水期8月,IEF-N和OSF-N含量较低且变化平缓。(4)望虞河表层沉积物中氮的含量分布与形态变化主要受到总有机碳(TOC)含量、温度、氧化还原电位(ORP)和粒度的影响。     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediments: a chemometric and geochemical approach

The aim of this study was to assess the level of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the surface sediments of the Hindon River, India that receives both treated and untreated municipal and industrial discharges generated in and around Ghaziabad, India. Mean metals concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) were in the range of; Cu: 21.70-280.33, Cd: 0.29-6.29, Fe: 4151.75-17318.75, Zn: 22.22.50-288.29, Ni: 13.90-57.66, Mn: 49.55-516.97, Cr: 17.48-33.70 and Pb: 27.56-313.57 respectively. Chemometric analysis was applied to identify contribution sources by heavy metals while geochemical approaches (enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index) were exploited for the assessment of the enrichment and contamination level of heavy metals in the river sediments. Chemometric analysis suggested anthropic origin of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Ni while Fe showed lithogenic origin. Mn and Cr was associated and controlled by mixed origin. Geochemical approach confirms the anthropogenic influence of heavy metal pollution in the river sediments. The study suggests that a complementary approach that integrates chemometric analysis, sediment quality criteria, and geochemical investigation should be considered in order to provide a more accurate appraisal of the heavy metal pollution in river sediments. Consequently, it may serve to undertake and design effective strategies and remedial measures to prevent further deterioration of the river ecosystem in future.     

Sediments and sediment-derived soils in Illinois: pedological and agronomic assessment

Dredging sediments from water bodies in Illinois is done topreserve reservoir capacity, maintain navigation and recreationchannels, and restore habitats, but the fate of the sediments is an issue. In anticipation of a major sediment dredging operationin Lake Peoria in the Illinois River, a retrospective study ofsediment placement operations was performed. Sedimentspreviously dredged from reservoirs and placed in retaining pondswere sampled along with adjacent upland soils which served asreferences. Sediments from the Illinois River above Peoria weresampled from islands, river bottom, and adjacent floodplain. Dredged sediment retention ponds initially support wetlandvegetation. After dewatering, the physical properties of sediments tend to become similar to upland soils and theretention basins are then able to support conventionalagriculture. Sediment organic matter content was similar to localreference surface soils, and soil pH of the sediments wasneutral or above. Sediment textures are dominated by silts and clays, with the Lake Peoria samples being most clayey. Calcium was the dominant cation in all the samples, and micronutrientsmeasured were in adequate supply for plant growth. However,because the Illinois River watershed includes industrial inputs,river sediments contained elevated levels of some metals, butthey were generally below levels of regulatory concern. Resultsindicated that properly handled dredge sediments could make highquality agricultural soils. In addition, sediment placement onpoor soils could improve their productivity.     

黄河三角洲及邻近海域沉积物137Cs和210Pbex断代的适用性

¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex定年是确定近百年来浅层湖泊沉积物年代学框架的首选方法,然而,该方法在河口滩地及邻近海域沉积物断代中的适用性仍然不清。本文以渤海黄河三角洲为研究对象,通过钻孔采集了1929～1990年间四个不同成陆年限的淤成土泥芯,分析了¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex活度及粒度的深度分布特征;结合已报道的邻近海域水下地形特征、沉积物特性、沉积构造等资料,讨论了黄河口泥沙沉积和三角洲形成的特点,评价了沉积物¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex断代法在该区域的适用性。结果表明,黄河三角洲是由入海口冲积扇不断向前推进而形成,具有快速且不均匀沉积的特点。20世纪50～70年代大气层核试验产生的放射性同位素¹³⁷Cs是黄河三角洲和邻近海域沉积物断代可靠的示踪物,含¹³⁷Cs的沉积物可被确定为1963年(或1954年)以来的沉积物。²¹⁰Pb<...     

截污调水后滇池表层沉积物中16种PAHs的分布特征

截污调水等工程实施后,滇池的外源污染已得到有效控制,表层沉积物等内源污染物应加以重视.为研究滇池表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析了2016年12月采集的19个滇池表层沉积物样品的PAHs含量,解析其时空分布规律、来源及生态风险.滇池表层沉积物中总多环芳烃(TPAHs)的含量范围为92. 31～1 546. 78 ng·g~(-1),平均值为496. 30 ng·g~(-1),草海TPAHs含量(平均932. 37 ng·g~(-1))远高于外海(平均380. 02ng·g~(-1)),随着截污调水工程的开展,TPAHs含量较2012年大幅下降,已处于我国重点水域中较低水平.滇池表层沉积物中含量最高的物质为荧蒽(80. 65 ng·g~(-1)),毒性当量(TEQ)含量最高的物质为二苯并[a,h]蒽(42. 97 ng·g~(-1)). PAHs组成以4环及5～6环为主(分别占总含量的40. 38%和40. 22%),PAHs构成较以往大体一致.分子比值法分析结果表明,滇池表层沉积物中PAHs主要由生物质或煤的燃烧贡献.基于潜在生态风险标志对比法评估,全湖总体处于低风险水平,但草海的生态风险相对较高,值得进一步关注.本研究结果可为滇池水质的保持与提升提供基础数据和重要参考.