地下煤火回风裂隙火风压分布实验研究

利用煤田露头火区模拟实验装置,通过对煤火燃烧过程中出风裂隙内气体温度的监测,发现裂隙内气体的温度沿裂缝逐渐降低并成指数衰减分布。通过分析得到火区裂隙温度的分布方程并计算得到了裂隙内火风压分布方程,得出煤田火区火风压的影响因素主要有自燃煤层温度、自燃深度和裂隙倾角。     

A numerical study on the feasibility and efficiency of point smoke extraction strategies in large cross-section shield tunnel fires using CFD modeling

The strategy of smoke control is of high importance for the design process of tunnels, especially for long and large cross-section tunnels. The South Hongmei Rd. Tunnel (SHT) located in Shanghai, China, is a 3.39 km long shield TBM (tunnel boring machine) tunnel with an external diameter of 14.5 m. The point smoke extraction system was proposed initially as the main ventilation strategy during a tunnel fire. To investigate the fire characteristics in the tunnel and develop appropriate smoke control strategies, a series of numerical 3D Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted. Three fire scenarios, namely 5 MW, 20 MW and 50 MW, were modeled to evaluate the point extraction system. The gas temperatures, the stratification of the smoke, air temperature, minimum visibility etc., during the smoke spreading of a fire were analyzed. Based on the results of the simulation, the smoke extraction strategies according to fire scale and fire location were proposed for fire extinguishing. It was found that the three-point extraction opening strategy can control the smoke better than two-point extraction opening strategy under various fire scales, especially under serious fire scenario. From the results, damper openings ranged at closer intervals were found more efficient in two-point extraction system. Besides, placing the damper openings in the longitudinal direction can improve the efficiency of smoke extraction. It also results in reduction of the quantity of prefabricated members of duct slab and the process of assembly will be simplified during the construction.     

某型飞机对接螺栓微动疲劳裂纹分析

通过断口形貌观察、X射线能谱检测、痕迹分析等试验方法,对某型飞机对接螺栓产生裂纹的原因进行了分析.结果表明,对接螺栓的裂纹性质为微动疲劳裂纹;表层微动疲劳裂纹产生后,进一步发生了镉脆开裂;微动疲劳裂纹在飞机末次大修前就已形成,在大修镀镉时镉渗入裂纹内部,并导致了对接螺栓在大修后的使用中裂纹发生镉脆扩展.     

多种损伤影响下正交层合板刚度退化研究

通过对纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板的细观力学分析,建立了基体裂纹和纤维断裂2种损伤共存时正交层合板刚度退化模型.给出了纤维断裂损伤的计算方法,对正交层合板刚度退化过程进行了量化计算.结果表明,所建立的模型采用较少的几个参数即可描述层合板刚度退化过程,并与试验结果吻合较好.     

Long‐Term Trends of Nutrients and Sediment from the Nontidal Chesapeake Watershed: An Assessment of Progress by River and Season

To assess historical loads of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment (SS) from the nontidal Chesapeake Bay watershed (NTCBW), we analyzed decadal seasonal trends of flow‐normalized loads at the fall‐line of nine major rivers that account for >90% of NTCBW flow. Evaluations of loads by season revealed N, P, and SS load magnitudes have been highest in January‐March and lowest in July‐September, but the temporal trends have followed similar decadal‐scale patterns in all seasons, with notable exceptions. Generally, total N (TN) load has dropped since the late 1980s, but particulate nutrients and SS have risen since the mid‐1990s. The majority of these rises were from Susquehanna River and relate to diminished net trapping at the Conowingo Reservoir. Substantial rises in SS were also observed, however, in other rivers. Moreover, the summed rise in particulate P load from other rivers is of similar magnitude as from Susquehanna. Dissolved nutrient loads have dropped in the upland (Piedmont and above) rivers, but risen in two small rivers in the Coastal Plain affected by lagged groundwater input. In addition, analysis of fractional contributions revealed consistent N trends across the upland watersheds. Finally, total N:total P ratios have declined in most rivers, suggesting the potential for changes in nutrient limitation. Overall, this integrated study of historical data highlights the value of maintaining long‐term monitoring at multiple watershed locations.     

铁路隧道衬砌裂缝整治及衬砌补强加固设计研究

通过对某铁路隧道衬砌裂缝的现场调查和研究,把衬砌质量缺陷按照裂缝宽度和长度的不同分为AA、A1、B和C四个等级,并采取不同的加固措施。重点对W钢带补强和骑缝锚杆注浆两种整治措施进行了研究,采用ABAQUS软件对整治前后衬砌的进行数值计算,得到整治前后衬砌的内力,最后计算得出整治前后衬砌的安全系数。结果表明:缺陷整治后衬砌缺陷范围内衬砌的刚度提高,并有效地提高了衬砌的安全系数,达到了整治的预期效果。该研究为隧道衬砌裂缝病害的分类提供了借鉴,同时也为隧道衬砌裂缝病害的整治与加固提供了新的方法和思路。     

依据材料与构件的受弯性能综合评价ECC的控裂性

为了研究国产的工程水泥基复合材料(Engineered Cementitious Composites,ECC)和普通聚乙烯醇(Polyvi-nyl Alcohol,PVA)纤维混凝土对结构增韧和控裂的效果,分别采用材料试验和构件试验进行研究。通过四点弯曲试验,发现ECC的峰值荷载和峰值荷载对应的拉应变要远远大于普通混凝土、PVA纤维混凝土,而且ECC起裂以后,裂缝宽度较小,且发展较慢,控制较好;采用不同高度的ECC、PVA纤维混凝土作为钢筋混凝土梁底保护层,发现1/4h ECC对钢筋混凝土增韧的效果最好,且裂缝宽度为0.2mm时,1/4h ECC的承载能力比普通钢筋混凝土提高1.6倍,峰值荷载比普通钢筋混凝土提高约12%;同时发现,在相同荷载作用下,采用ECC作为梁底保护层时,裂缝宽度比钢筋混凝土小,且可以有效地控制裂缝宽度的快速增长,间接提高结构的耐久性。     

剥落型矿柱与早强胶结充填体相互作用损伤演化分

为了研究矿柱底部严重剥落形成的上宽下窄型矿柱与早强胶结充填体的相互作用,进行了现场地质调查,选用石蜡模拟早强胶结充填体进行室内试验,同时进行数值模型的构建和试验模拟研究。试验结果表明:在加载过程中,破坏主要发生在矿岩中,石蜡充填体由于具有较强的变形能力,没有明显的破坏裂纹;矿岩中的裂纹主要沿矿岩和充填体接触面进行延展,直至延伸至临空面破坏;试样表壁的石蜡薄层表征显示在加载过程中,在试样表壁大的裂纹带附近伴随小裂纹产生。通过相关研究,厘清剥落型矿柱与早强充填体的相互作用机理及破坏规律,以便开展针对性的矿柱补强,确保充填采场安全稳定。     

铁路长大隧道健康状况远程监测诊断装备系统研究

基于服役期铁路长大隧道健康状况劣化影响因素分析,结合隧道衬砌结构特点和健康状况监测实际,采用智能传感、信息融合、故障诊断技术,构建集监测、诊断、评估于一体的长大隧道健康状况远程监测诊断装备系统。研究系统的软硬件设施及其布设技术,建立长大隧道健康状况综合评估体系,给出健康诊断量化评估标准。以国内某铁路长大隧道为例,对其健康状况实施远程监测与诊断分析。结果表明,该条服役隧道健康问题的主要影响因素为隧道衬砌漏水、隧道衬砌裂缝、隧道衬砌变形、隧道衬砌剥落等病害,尤以隧道衬砌变形最为严重,健康等级为4级。     

基于断裂力学的船型网箱疲劳损伤评估研究

目的 结合断裂力学,通过直接计算方法进行海洋结构物疲劳损伤评估研究。方法 运用有限元方法,并通过谱分析进行结构强度评估,找到结构热点应力。对热点进行局部精细建模,运用断裂力学方法进行疲劳裂纹扩展,进行海洋结构物疲劳损伤评估。结果 通过水动力分析表明,船型网箱在波浪入射角为0°及180°时,运动幅值最大。通过直接强度计算,验证了网箱满足强度要求,但存在明显的应力集中现象。选取3个疲劳热点进行裂纹扩展,得到其疲劳寿命分别为11.3、17.3、33.1 a。结论 实现了基于断裂力学的海洋结构物强度分析与寿命预测,解决了海洋结构物疲劳损伤评估中计算效率与精度的平衡、整体模型与局部裂纹的耦合等问题。