西部国内旅游远程市场旅游产品开发

旅游产品的开发水平是西部旅游业发展的制约因素.在西部国内旅游营销中,要把东部客源市场作为远程旅游目标市场,远程旅游产品的开发要以市场为导向.在分析东部客源市场特点的基础上,提出了西部国内旅游远程市场旅游产品的开发策略:①体现西部特色,与东部旅游产品形成互补;②以资源保护为前提,开发生态型旅游产品;③整合西部旅游资源,开发跨区域旅游精品;④协调好各旅游要素的功能,形成不同等级的旅游服务系统;⑤针对东部地区客源市场特点设计旅游产品;⑥重视老年旅游和青少年学生旅游产品的开发.     

SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN THREE‐DIMENSIONAL SATURATED POROUS MEDIA HAVING SELF‐SIMILAR HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY DISTRIBUTION1

ABSTRACT: Customarily, it has been assumed that hydraulic conductivity is a stationary, homogeneous stochastic process with a finite variance for stochastic analysis of solute transport in the subsurface. That the distribution of hydraulic conductivity may have a fractal behavior with long range correlations was suggested from field data analyses. This motivates us to further investigate how the fractal behavior of permeability distribution impacts solute transport in porous media. This study provides longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients and the variance of the solute concentration. Longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients are found to depend strongly on the fractal dimension (D) of logarithmic hydraulic conductivity (logK). The longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity coefficients are the highest when D = 1, and the values decrease monotonically to zero at D = 2. Both coefficients correspond to the characteristic length scale of the logK distribution, thus are scale dependent parameters. The ratio of the transverse to the longitudinal macrodispersivity coefficient is on the order of 10^‐1 to 10^‐4. Concentration variance also decreases with the fractal dimension of logK. There is no spatial spreading of solute for D = 2, and the concentration variance reaches zero for this case.     

预应力混凝土连续刚构箱梁桥裂缝病害分析

某预应力混凝土连续刚构箱梁桥在运营过程中出现了箱粱顶板纵向裂缝，腹板斜裂缝和横隔板竖向裂缝。通过理论计算对其裂缝病害成因进行了研究，指出这些裂缝病害主要系由行车荷载、温度作用及桥墩沉降等多种原因所致，同时还对其裂缝病害状况进行了评估。     

海啸波近岸共振响应的数值模拟及分析

应用有限差分方法求解非线性浅水长波方程,建立了海啸波产生和传播的二维数值模型;对太平洋地震引起的夏威夷群岛海啸波进行模拟,并将模拟结果和测站实测值进行比较,验证了模型的正确性。利用快速傅里叶变换对数值模拟结果进行谱分析,得到整个计算区域的能量谱分布,并给出了发生能量聚集的位置及相应的谱峰周期。讨论了海啸波传播到近岸时可能产生的共振响应现象,发现海啸波和近岸的共振响应不仅与近岸复杂地形有关,还与海啸波传播到近岸时的波浪入射方向有关。     

Persistence of airline accidents

This paper expands on air travel accident research by examining the relationship between air travel accidents and airline traffic or volume in the period from 1927–2006. The theoretical model is based on a representative airline company that aims to maximise its profits, and it utilises a fractional integration approach in order to determine whether there is a persistent pattern over time with respect to air accidents and air traffic. Furthermore, the paper analyses how airline accidents are related to traffic using a fractional cointegration approach. It finds that airline accidents are persistent and that a (non‐stationary) fractional cointegration relationship exists between total airline accidents and airline passengers, airline miles and airline revenues, with shocks that affect the long‐run equilibrium disappearing in the very long term. Moreover, this relation is negative, which might be due to the fact that air travel is becoming safer and there is greater competition in the airline industry. Policy implications are derived for countering accident events, based on competition and regulation.     

循环载荷下煤样不同方向渗透特性试验研究

针对循环采动过程中煤层不同方向渗透特征的演化规律问题,以平顶山十二矿己15煤层煤样为研究对象,利用自行研制的应力-渗流-解吸煤体变形试验装置,开展了循环围压加载下煤样不同方向渗透试验。研究结果表明:在相同的轴压、围压和平均孔隙压力下,试样平行层理面方向的渗透率大于垂直层理,平行层理面内的渗透率相差不大。在围压恒定的情况下,通过试样的流量随着渗透压差的增大而增大,且二者之间的关系可以用二次函数描述;围压增加,导致裂隙闭合,渗透率减小,当循环围压大于煤屈服强度和抗压强度时,裂隙扩展,渗透率增加;循环围压加载可以改变煤样原有不同方向渗透率大小顺序,渗透率与原初始渗透率比值随循环加载次数的增加而增大。     

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) and their Effects on Biodiversity: An Overview of the Atmospheric Pathways of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Suggestions for Future Studies

Atmospheric change comprises many phenomena, namely climate change, acidic deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion, SMOG, increasing trend of suspended particulate matter, and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Among HAPs, a particular group of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), such as some organochlorine pesticides, has shown a variety of toxic effects, altering the biodiversity of many ecosystems. Because of their persistence in the environment, and of their long range transport, the study of the global cycle of POPs is important in understanding how they can affect biodiversity. This can be accomplished by coupling different approaches: toxicity and ecological studies, emission estimates, and the use of global models.     

考虑拦污栅-坝体相互作用的混凝土重力坝抗震安全性分析

对考虑拦污栅-坝体的动力相互作用的弹性连接和刚性连接的拦污栅-坝体以及不作耦联分析的拦污栅-坝体这三种不同模型结构形式的动力特性和动力响应进行了比较分析。研究发现,拦污栅的不同模型结构形式对大坝的抗震安全性分析有重要影响,考虑拦污栅-坝体的动力相互作用后,坝体损伤开裂的程度明显加大,坝顶的水平位移响应也明显提高。按《规范》规定的对拦污栅和坝体不作耦联分析的抗震计算方法,所得结果对坝体是偏于不安全的,而如考虑拦污栅-坝体之间的弹性连接,所得结果则是偏于安全的。     

一种新型的裂缝计

通常光测法、摄像法、裂缝显微镜法仅能测量已有旧裂缝的宽度,超声波法和冲击弹性波法仅能测量裂缝的深度,声发射、传感器法和光纤传感网络法可测量正在发生的裂缝。当对于已有裂缝在荷载作用下的动态变化目前还没有一种行之有效的测量方法。为此利用双悬臂梁和应变原理研制成功一种新型裂缝计,可准确测量结构、构件表面已有裂缝在荷载作用下裂缝开合大小或表面动态应变。该仪器具有抗振动干扰的特点,即被测点的振动不产生电量输出,仅在被测裂缝开合或混凝土表面产生应变时才有输出。该裂缝计已获得国家专利。该裂缝计已在哈尔滨、佳木斯等几个桥梁的裂缝检测中得到应用,获得理想的效果,得到铁道部好评。论文介绍了裂缝计的结构原理和技术性能。     

基于小波包分析的石油井架结构损伤识别试验研究

通过对井架相似模型损伤工况模拟,提取其在承载时的振动响应信号,利用小波包变换方法获得小波包节点能量,得到基于归一化能量特征向量的损伤评价指标。研究表明:该指标可用于井架结构损伤位置的准确识别;将小波包能量分析与振动测试技术相结合的研究方法,为石油井架的损伤识别提供了新思路。