填埋场环境下HDPE膜老化特性及其对周边地下水污染风险的影响

为研究危险废物填埋场环境下防渗系统HDPE膜（高密度聚乙烯膜）材料老化规律及其对渗滤液产生、渗漏和区域地下水环境的影响,通过HDPE膜缺陷现场检测及室内老化性能测试,获取了HDPE膜初始缺陷特征参数（漏洞密度）和缺陷演化特征参数（老化起始时间和半衰期）,并以上述参数作为输入,综合运用HELP模型（填埋场水文过程评估模型）与Landsim模型（填埋场地下水污染风险模拟模型）对HDPE膜老化条件下的渗滤液产生、渗漏和地下水污染过程进行模拟预测.结果表明:①现场条件下HDPE膜在第2年开始老化,第8年达到半衰期.②HDPE膜老化导致漏洞数量和渗透系数增加,进而导致渗滤液渗漏量增加,地下水污染风险逐渐增加.短期（0~5 a）内,地下水超标概率为0,污染风险较小;中期（5~10 a）内,距离填埋场200 m内污染超标概率污染≥ 80%,污染风险较大,但400 m外的污染概率为0,污染风险较小;就长期（>10 a）而言,距离填埋场1 000 m处,污染超标概率达100%,地下水污染风险极大.填埋场现场条件下,防渗材料劣化及老化过程较实验室条件更为迅速,导致渗滤液长期渗漏、地下水污染风险加剧,因此建议加强填埋场设计和运行中HDPE膜抗老化研究,保障危险废物填埋场长期安全运行.      

不同施肥处理对棕壤N2O排放量的影响

采用田间试验研究不同施肥处理对棕壤N2O排放量的影响。结果表明,N2O释放量随着耕层土壤硝态氮含量增加而上升。不同施肥处理对N2O排放量影响不同,低氮处理(N1)排放量(整个玉米生育期按185d计算)为1.18kg·hm-2,高氮处理(N2)为2.39kg·hm-2。随着施氮量的增加,反硝化作用加强,N2O排放量上升,以N2O形式损失加剧。相同施氮水平条件下,随着有机肥施入量的增加土壤N2O排放量上升,其中以高氮高有机肥处理(M2N2)N2O排放量最高,达到了7.05kg·hm-2,占所投入氮肥的2.34%。相同氮素供应水平条件下增施磷、钾肥,也会增加N2O排放量。整个玉米生育时期通过N2O排放损失的肥料占投入氮肥比例为0.99%～2.46%。     

Long-Term Ecosystem Dynamics in the Serengeti: Lessons for Conservation

Abstract:  Data from long-term ecological studies further understanding of ecosystem dynamics and can guide evidence-based management. In a quasi-natural experiment we examined long-term monitoring data on different components of the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem to trace the effects of disturbances and thus to elucidate cause-and-effect connections between them. The long-term data illustrated the role of food limitation in population regulation in mammals, particularly in migratory wildebeest and nonmigratory buffalo. Predation limited populations of smaller resident ungulates and small carnivores. Abiotic events, such as droughts and floods, created disturbances that affected survivorship of ungulates and birds. Such disturbances showed feedbacks between biotic and abiotic realms. Interactions between elephants and their food allowed savanna and grassland communities to co-occur. With increased woodland vegetation, predators' capture of prey increased. Anthropogenic disturbances had direct (hunting) and indirect (transfer of disease to wildlife) effects. Slow and rapid changes and multiple ecosystem states became apparent only over several decades and involved events at different spatial scales. Conservation efforts should accommodate both infrequent and unpredictable events and long-term trends. Management should plan on the time scale of those events and should not aim to maintain the status quo. Systems can be self-regulating through food availability and predator-prey interactions; thus, culling may not be required. Ecosystems can occur in multiple states; thus, there may be no a priori need to maintain one natural state. Finally, conservation efforts outside protected areas must distinguish between natural change and direct human-induced change. Protected areas can act as ecological baselines in which human-induced change is kept to a minimum     

Time Series Analysis to Monitor and Assess Water Resources: A Moving Average Approach

An understanding of the behavior of the groundwater body and its long-term trends are essential for making any management decision in a given watershed. Geostatistical methods can effectively be used to derive the long-term trends of the groundwater body. Here an attempt has been made to find out the long-term trends of the water table fluctuations of a river basin through a time series approach. The method was found to be useful for demarcating the zones of discharge and of recharge of an aquifer. The recharge of the aquifer is attributed to the return flow from applied irrigation. In the study area, farmers mainly depend on borewells for water and water is pumped from the deep aquifer indiscriminately. The recharge of the shallow aquifer implies excessive pumping of the deep aquifer. Necessary steps have to be taken immediately at appropriate levels to control the irrational pumping of deep aquifer groundwater, which is needed as a future water source. The study emphasizes the use of geostatistics for the better management of water resources and sustainable development of the area.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

牛粪混合液微生物燃料电池长期运行稳定性研究

长期运行稳定性是微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)技术的一项重要特征,是其能否走向实际应用的关键.生物阴极MFC利用牛粪产电的长期运行特征的研究表明,该MFC可长期、高效、稳定地产电.在100Ω外电阻下,171 d的运行期内,电池功率密度平均为6.77 W·m-3±2.11 W·m-3.第70 d的电池开路电压、内阻、最高功率密度分别为0.874 V、22.1Ω和14.1 W·m-3.随着运行时间延长,每30 d的总化学需氧量(total chemical oxygen demand,TCOD)去除量不断递减,而库仑效率(Coulomb efficiency,CE)不断递增,在121~150 d,CE可达17.5%±3.3%.阳极微生物群落结构分析表明,Proteobacteria(45%)、Bacteroidetes(22%)、Firmicutes(17%)、Actinobacteria(11%)在阳极生物膜中占有优势地位.Clostridium、Cellulomonas等已被证明具有产电能力或纤维素降解能力的细菌是阳极生物膜中的关键功能种群.     

催化裂化装置长周期运行保障技术

对催化裂化装置的生产运行特点进行了描述,从工艺、设备、公用工程等方面对影响装置长周期运行的因素进行了分析,提出了解决瓶颈问题、实现长周期安全运行的技术措施。     

长期不同施肥条件下红壤小麦和玉米季CO2、N2O排放特征

基于中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤旱地小麦-玉米轮作长期定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,研究红壤旱地连续施肥16 a后,不同施肥条件下小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2和N2O的排放特征。结果表明,CO2和N2O排放具有明显的季节性,施肥对土壤CO2和N2O排放有明显影响,且有机肥的施用显著促进了土壤CO2和N2O排放。不施肥对照（CK）、氮磷配施（NP）、氮钾配施（NK）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）和有机无机肥配施（NPKM）处理小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2累积排放量分别为5 904、8 062、4 298、9 235、14 098和4 708、7 530、5 435、7 089、15 472 kg.hm-2,土壤N2O累积排放量分别为0.34、0.63、0.44、0.62、1.00和0.25、0.39、0.35、0.52、1.73 kg.hm-2,小麦休闲期土壤CO2和N2 O累积排放量平均占小麦生长季的63.52%和28.43%,玉米休闲季平均占玉米生长季的49.98%和32.72%,说明休闲期土壤CO2和N2O累积排放量不容忽视。除玉米季NP、NK、NPK处理外,其他各处理小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2排放通量与5 cm深处土壤温度显著相关;而土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度间均未表现出显著相关性;除NPKM处理外,其他各处理土壤CO2或N2O排放通量与土壤水分间相关性均未达显著水平。     

有机质提升对酸性红壤氮循环功能基因及功能微生物的影响

外源有机物质输入是提升酸性红壤有机质含量的主要方式,氮素是土壤肥力的重要限制因子.有机质提升后土壤生态系统的变化会影响土壤氮循环过程及功能微生物,但目前还未见报道.本研究选择长期施有机肥的酸性旱地红壤及不施肥对照土壤作为研究材料,基于宏基因组测序及氮循环功能基因数据库比对,研究32 a的连续有机物质输入导致的土壤有机质含量上升对酸性红壤氮循环功能基因及相关功能微生物的影响.结果表明,酸性红壤有机质提升显著增加了土壤总有机碳和总氮含量,缓解了土壤酸化.有机质提升增加了土壤净硝化活性和氨氧化潜势.有机质提升显著增长了编码古菌氨单加氧酶amoA基因和反硝化过程还原酶的功能基因nar、nap、nir、nor和nos的丰度,降低了编码羟胺氧化酶hao基因及执行硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的功能基因nrf的丰度,提升了有机氮代谢功能基因glnA、gdh、glsA、ansB和nao丰度,改变了硝酸盐同化过程功能基因丰度以及硝化过程功能微生物群落组成.有机质提升后土壤酸化的缓解和总有机碳含量的提升是影响氮循环各过程功能基因丰度及功能微生物组成的最主要因子.本研究全面研究了无机氮和有机氮循环功能基因,关联了氨氧化过程的功能基因、功能微生物类群和功能活性,可为把握酸性红壤氮循环特征提供数据依据,也可为酸性土壤改良提供思路.     

2015~2019年南京北郊碳质气溶胶组成变化

碳质气溶胶是大气细颗粒物的重要组成,对空气质量、人体健康和气候变化有着重要影响.为了探究碳质气溶胶在减排背景下的长期变化,本研究测定了南京北郊5 a（2014年12月17日至2020年1月5日） PM_2.5样品的有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）浓度.结果表明,ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）5a平均值分别为（10.2±5.3）μg·m^-3和（1.6±1.1）μg·m^-3,其中OC占PM_2.5的31.1%,EC占PM_2.5的5.2%.OC和EC均呈现出冬高夏低的季节特征.通过非参数的Mann-Kendall检验和Sen’s斜率发现,OC和PM_2.5的浓度整体呈显著下降趋势[OC:P<0.000 1,-0.79μg·（m³·a）^-1,-0.29%·a^-1; PM_2.5:P<0.000 1,-4.59μg·（m³·a）^-1,-1.5...