秸秆添加对长期施肥旱地红壤N2O和CO2排放的影响

秸秆还田作为农田土壤培肥的一种重要措施,显著影响N₂ O和CO₂ 等温室气体排放.为探明长期施肥土壤N₂ O和CO₂ 排放对秸秆添加的响应规律及关键影响因素,采集对照（CK,不施肥）、当地推荐化肥施用量（F）、200 %当地推荐化肥施用量（2F）、猪粪（M）和化肥配施猪粪（FM）这5种长期施肥（30 a）处理的旱地红壤,分别设置添加秸秆和不添加秸秆处理,在恒温恒湿条件下培养（65 %田间持水量,25 ℃）20 d.结果表明,施肥显著促进了N₂ O排放.相较不施肥处理[（22.05 ±2.09） μg·kg^-1,以N计,下同],施化肥处理N₂ O累计排放量显著增加了119 %~195 %[F和2F处理分别为（48.38 ±20.81） μg·kg^-1和（65.13 ±12.55） μg·kg^-1],施粪肥处理N₂ O累计排放量显著增加了275 %~399 %[M和FM处理分别为（82.72 ±12.73） μg·kg^-1和（1 101.99 ±425.71） μg·kg^-1].土壤硝态氮（NO₃ ^--N）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和可溶性总氮（DTN）是影响不同施肥处理N₂ O排放的主要因素.相较未添加秸秆,添加秸秆对CK、F和FM处理的N₂ O累计排放无显著影响,显著增加了2F（345 %）和M处理（247 %）的N₂ O累计排放.秸秆添加通过增加DOC和消耗DTN从而影响N₂ O排放.施肥显著促进了CO₂ 排放.相较不施肥处理,施粪肥处理CO₂ 累计排放量显著增加了120 %~130 %[M和FM处理累计排放量（以C计,下同）,分别为（122.11 ±4.3） mg·kg^-1和（116.47 ±4.55） mg·kg^-1],2F处理CO₂ 累计排放量显著增加了28 %[（65.13 ±12.55） mg·kg^-1].微生物量碳（MBC）、DOC和DTN是影响不同施肥处理CO₂ 排放的主要因素.相较未添加秸秆,添加秸秆条件下CO₂ 累计排放量显著增加了660 %~1 132 %.秸秆添加后DOC和MBC含量显著提高,促进了CO₂ 排放.综上,秸秆添加通过增加土壤DTN消耗和DOC含量显著促进施肥处理的N₂ O和CO₂ 排放.在施用粪肥的旱地红壤中应合理考虑秸秆还田,以平衡肥力提升与温室气体排放的综合效益.     

Dynamics of Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass in Alluvial Soil With Tillage and Amendments in Rice-wheat Systems

Rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) occupying 12 million ha of productive land are important for the food security of South Asia. There are, however, concerns that yield and factor productivity trends in these systems are declining/stagnating in recent years. Decrease in soil organic carbon is often suggested as a reason for such trends. A field experiment was conducted to study the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) dynamics in the rice-wheat systems. Use of organic amendments and puddling of soil before rice transplanting increased SOC and MBC contents. Microbial biomass carbon showed a seasonal pattern. It was low initially, reached its peak during the flowering stages in both rice and wheat and declined thereafter. Microbial biomass carbon was linearly related to SOC in both rice and wheat indicating that SOC could be used as a proxy for MBC.     

Research Articles

The metabolism of phenanthrene was studied both in cell suspension cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soybean (Glycine max), and in intact plants of the water mossFontinalis antipyretica. Metabolism in cell suspension cultures strongly differed between the monocotyle and the dicotyle plant. Only small amounts oftrans-phenanthrene-9,10-dihydrodiole and phenanthrene-9,10-dione were detectable in the wheat culture. Soybean cultures, in contrast demonstrated a strong turnover resulting in a 75% reduction of the initial phenanthrene concentration. Metabolites were phenanthrene-9,10-dione, not further characterized polar metabolites and bound residues. Intact plants ofFontinalis antipyretica metabolized only small amounts of phenanthrene. Data obtained from cell cultures did not provide information for the metabolic potential in intact plants. Therefore standardized tests with model systems like suspension cultures lead to inadequate assessment of the ecological risk of certain xenobiotics.     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验 Ⅱ. 土壤养分收支

持续10a的田间试验结果表明,在保持农业系统养分循环再利用的基础上,根据土壤养分供给力设计化肥施用量,可以在实现作物高产的同时,平衡土壤养分收支,从而避免土壤中肥料养分（主要是氮）过剩而进入环境。     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅲ.粮食生产潜力中、长期预测理论、模型及其应用

粮食生产潜力中、长期预测的目的是为国家中、长期粮食生产规划提供科学依据。粮食生产潜力中、长期预测的“双向预测理论”：从若干个预测模型中选择出2个模型,一个模型预测的未来产量是持续增加的,体现产量持续增加的科技进步力量;另一个模型预测的未来产量是先增加后减少或持续减少的,体现影响产量持续增加的负面综合因素力量。应用结果表明：模型可预测未来1~10年的粮食生产潜力,平均预测误差在5％以内。大量案例证明粮食生产潜力中、长期预测的“双向预测理论”是科学的、方法是通用的、结果是实用的。     

江苏油田西部新区试采初期清洁生产工艺研究

在江苏油田西部新区,大部分油井均地处沙漠边缘或腹地,属于脆弱的沙漠生态环境。对新区试采初期不同施工环节中污染源、污染物进行了分析,针对各种污染物产生的环节,提出了试采初期实施清洁生产的管理和技术方法,并对探区的清洁生产长期规划提出了可行性建议。     

Aerosol Composition Change due to Dust Storm: Measurements between 1992 and 1999 at Gosan,Korea

Aerosol composition change between dust storm and non duststorm periods is studied using the TSP (Total SuspendedParticulate) data measured at Gosan, Korea between 1992 and1999. The concentrations of elements measured between 1993and 1996 and those of ions between 1992 and 1999 duringdust storms are compared with those during non-dust stormperiods in spring (March, April, and May). Among theanalyzed ions, the concentrations of crustal species(potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride) andanthropogenic species (nitrate and non-sea salt (nss)-sulfate) increased when dust storm occurs while those ofammonium and sodium did not increase. Among the analyzedelements, the concentrations of crustal species (Fe, Al,Ca, Ti, and Zn) increased when dust storm occurs whilethose of anthropogenic species (Mn, V, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Cr)did not increase. The only anthropogenic element of whichconcentration increased during dust storm periods was Pb.It was found that the concentrations of nitrate and nss-sulfatewere highest during spring. Also, the ratio of theyearly average concentrations of nitrate to nss-sulfateincreases, probably due to the emission trend change innortheast Asia, especially, in China.     

1990—2014年武汉市空气质量时空变化

基于武汉市1990—2014年空气污染物(SO2,NOx/NO2,TSP/PM10)年均值浓度数据,采用Daniel趋势检验和空间统计方法研究污染物浓度时间变化趋势和空间变异。研究发现武汉市近20年SO2浓度变化平稳且满足国家二级标准限值,而氮氧化物(NOx/NO2)浓度显著上升并超过标准限值,颗粒物(TSP/PM10)浓度虽然有下降趋势,但依然未达到标准限值。武汉市近10年SO2污染空间变化最明显,重污染区域由城区向郊区转移;NO2污染空间差异最显著,二环线内监测点NO2浓度一直高于二环线外且平均高9.2%,而二环线内监测点SO2、PM10浓度低于二环线外。     

Shared values for the marine environment – developing a culture of practice for marine spatial planning

Though still relatively new, the development of marine spatial planning has been based on the on the premise that as a rational planning process, it can be applied following universal principles and steps informed by land-based inspired theoretical underpinnings. However, within this process, differences between marine and terrestrial environments are being overlooked, potentially affecting the way in which the marine environment is understood and valued, and the development of a culture of practice for, and specific to, marine spatial planning. By framing planning as a cultural construct, this paper aims to explore the extent to which land-based rationales are affecting the development of a marine spatial planning culture of practice, with its own ethos and shared values. A culturalised planning model adapted from [Knieling, J. and Othengrafen, F. (2015). Planning culture—a concept to explain the evolution of planning policies and processes in Europe? European Planning Studies, 23(11), 2133–2147] is used as a framework. Whilst acknowledging the importance of the contributions from land-based planning and the ecological sciences, the findings suggest that those unconscious beliefs and perceptions affecting society’s understanding of the marine environment should contribute to informing shared values for marine spatial planning practice.