2℃和1.5℃目标对中国国家自主贡献和长期排放路径的影响

在《巴黎协定》设置的混合减排机制下,中国的INDC尽管自主提出,但也受全球气候目标及全球减排进展的影响。本文基于气候公平的不同原则,建立了公平分配未来碳排放空间的综合性框架,并利用最新情景研究数据,分析了2℃和1.5℃目标对中国INDC力度以及长期排放路径的影响。研究结果表明:第一,相比2℃目标,1.5℃目标对本世纪内全球累积碳排放空间、关键时点的减排目标、近期减排力度以及碳中和时间等都提出了更高要求。第二,根据公平分配方案的评估结果表明,2℃目标下,中国现有INDC在责任方案下能够满足减排要求,而在其他方案下存在排放差距。而在1.5℃目标下,中国在四个方案下均无法满足减排要求,且排放差距进一步扩大。第三,2℃和1.5℃目标对中国确定长期排放目标以及碳中和时间,也会产生显著影响。相比2℃目标,1.5℃目标下,中国2050年排放相对2010年下降率需要再增加约15个百分点,实现碳中和的时间需要提前15年左右。因此,中国需要根据公平分配研究给出的提高INDC力度要求的区间,提前准备《巴黎协定》后关于全球盘点和INDC更新议题新一轮谈判的应对策略,同时应尽早启动制定长期低碳发展战略的政策研究进程。     

Biotransformation of Metamitron by Human P450 Expressed in Transgenic Tobacco Cell Cultures

In the present investigation, the oxidative metabolism of ¹⁴C-labeled metamitron was examined in plant cell cultures of tobacco overexpressing human P450 enzymes CYP1A1 or CYP1A2; special interest was in the aromatic hydroxylation of the herbicide. The oxidative metabolites deaminometamitron (DAM) and 4-hydroxydeaminometamitron (4-HDAM) were found in the untransformed control culture as well as in the transgenic culture. The transgenic cultures, however, exhibited higher turnover rates after 48 h of incubation with 20 μg ¹⁴C-metamitron per assay (untransformed: 40%, CYP1A1: 80%, CYP1A2: 100%). Primary metabolite 4-HDAM was partially found in glucosylated form in the transgenic cultures. As minor oxidative metabolites, 6-hydroxyphenyl-3-methoxymethyl-1,2,4-triazine-5(4H)-one and 3-hydroxymethyl-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine-5(4H)-one were identified in the transgenic cultures by GC-MS, LC-MS. Additionally, it could be demonstrated that both foreign enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2) also catalyzed the deamination of metamitron. In a large-scale study (up to 400 μ g per assay) with the transgenic culture expressing CYP1A2, the high efficiency of this P450 system toward metamitron was demonstrated: turnover of the xenobiotic was almost complete with 400 μ g. Since large portions of unglucosylated 4-H-DAM were found, the activity of foreign CYP1A2 apparently exceeded that of endogenous O-glucosyltransferases of the tobacco cell culture. We concluded that in comparison to the nontransformed cell culture, the extent of metabolism was considerably higher in the transgenic cultures. The transgenic cell cultures expressing human CYP1A1 or CYP1A2 are thus suitable tools for the production of large quantities of primary oxidized metabolites of metamitron.     

长期施肥对水稻土耕层微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响

以亚热带2个国家级稻田土壤肥力变化长期定位监测点的土样为对象,研究了长期施肥对土壤微生物生物量氮(B_N)和有机氮组分的影响.采用氯仿熏蒸-K₂SO₄提取法和酸水解-蒸馏法分别对耕层土壤微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分进行了测定.结果表明,经过17a的有机无机肥配合施用,土壤氮含量水平较低的宁乡点,土壤全氮平均每年增加约40 　mg·kg^－1,而土壤氮含量水平较高的南县点,平均每年增加约55 　mg·kg^－1.有机无机肥长期配合施用也提高了土壤微生物生物量氮和微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例;同时也显著增加酸解性氮及氨基酸态氮、酸解未知氮的含量.此外,土壤酸解性氮及其组分均与微生物生物量氮存在极显著的正相关关系,其中氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮对微生物生物量氮的影响最大.研究表明,有机无机肥配施是使稻田土壤氮素含量提高的重要措施,有机无机肥配施促进了土壤氮库的积累,即易矿化和较难矿化2部分氮库同时增加.     

混合菌种的共固定化技术在污染治理中的应用

对混合菌种固定化技术所用的载体和改进方法作了介绍,以及在污染治理中的应用进行了综述,治理的污染物主要包括酚类、卤化烃、氮和磷及其芳香族化合物。对该技术在污染治理中的应用前景作了评述。     

舰船波浪载荷响应特性及砰击载荷影响因素分析

目的 获取波浪载荷特征,提供准确的设计载荷输入,为舰船结构设计服务。方法 采用波浪载荷水池模型试验和理论预报对比的方法,给出波浪载荷传递函数响应曲线,验证理论预报结果的正确性。基于长期预报结果,分析波浪载荷沿船长的分布规律,通过改变超越概率和舰船装载状态,研究二者对波浪载荷的影响。基于模型试验结果,阐释航速引起的砰击弯矩的变化规律。之后,通过改变舷侧外伸平台的宽度、角度、高度等参数,分析参数变化对砰击载荷的影响,揭示波浪载荷的变化规律。结果 模型试验结果同理论预报结果吻合较好。垂向剪力、扭矩长期预报结果沿船长呈现双峰值形状,垂向弯矩和水平弯矩长期预报结果沿船长呈现抛物线形状,波浪载荷长期预报结果随超越概率呈大致线性变化关系。大波高、高航速试验工况下,船体弯矩呈现特别明显的非线性特征,舷侧外伸平台宽度越大、角度越小、高度越低,砰击载荷就越严重。结论 波高、航速等对砰击弯矩的影响显著,舰船在使用过程中,若要减少砰击的发生,可考虑规避大浪和主动减速。在舰船结构设计阶段,若要减小舷侧外伸平台产生的砰击载荷分量,应从平台的大小、位置、角度等参数的设计确定入手。     

在我国实施自愿协议式工业环境管理的可行性探讨

本文扼要综述了自愿协议式环境管理的发展、特点及其成因,并且简要介绍了这种新的环境管理方式在欧盟国家的应用情况。该管理方法在欧盟国家的成功,证明它是一个非常有效的环境管理方法,这种方式对解决政府“命令式”管理失灵起到十分有益的补充作用。在我国实施自愿协议式工业环境管理机遇大于风险,学习、改造并引进自愿协议式工业环境管理方法,可以提高我国工业环境管理水平,为实施可持续发展战略服务。     

EFFECTS OF INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF PRECIPITATION ON STREAM DISCHARGE FROM RHODE RIVER SUBWATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between precipitation at the seasonal and annual scale and water discharge per surface area for seven contiguous first - and second-order tributaries of the Rhode River, a small tidal tributary to Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. The goal was to quantify the effects of a wide range of precipitation, representative of inter-annual variations in weather in this region. The discharges measured included both overland storm flows and groundwater, since the aquifers were perched on a clay aquiclude. Precipitation varied from 824 to 1684 mm/yr and area-weighted Rhode River watershed discharge varied from 130 to 669 mm/yr with an average of 332 mm/yr or 29.1 percent of average precipitation. Average annual dis. charges from three first-order watersheds were significantly lower per surface area and varied from 16.0 to 21.9 percent of precipitation. Winter season precipitation varied from 125 to 541 mm. Area-weighted Rhode River winter discharge varied from 26.3 to 230 mm with an average of 115 mm or 43.9 percent of average precipitation. Spring season precipitation varied from 124 to 510 mm and watershed discharge varied from 40.0 to 321 mm with an average of 138 mm or 46.9 percent of average precipitation. In the summer and fall seasons, watershed discharge averaged 40.6 and 40.9 mm or 13.5 and 14.3 percent of average precipitation, respectively. Except in winter, the proportion of precipitation discharged in the streams increased rapidly with increasing volume of precipitation. Stream order showed a higher correlation with volume of discharge than vegetative cover on the watershed.     

Research Articles

The metabolism of phenanthrene was studied both in cell suspension cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soybean (Glycine max), and in intact plants of the water mossFontinalis antipyretica. Metabolism in cell suspension cultures strongly differed between the monocotyle and the dicotyle plant. Only small amounts oftrans-phenanthrene-9,10-dihydrodiole and phenanthrene-9,10-dione were detectable in the wheat culture. Soybean cultures, in contrast demonstrated a strong turnover resulting in a 75% reduction of the initial phenanthrene concentration. Metabolites were phenanthrene-9,10-dione, not further characterized polar metabolites and bound residues. Intact plants ofFontinalis antipyretica metabolized only small amounts of phenanthrene. Data obtained from cell cultures did not provide information for the metabolic potential in intact plants. Therefore standardized tests with model systems like suspension cultures lead to inadequate assessment of the ecological risk of certain xenobiotics.     

秸秆添加对长期施肥旱地红壤N2O和CO2排放的影响

秸秆还田作为农田土壤培肥的一种重要措施,显著影响N₂ O和CO₂ 等温室气体排放.为探明长期施肥土壤N₂ O和CO₂ 排放对秸秆添加的响应规律及关键影响因素,采集对照（CK,不施肥）、当地推荐化肥施用量（F）、200 %当地推荐化肥施用量（2F）、猪粪（M）和化肥配施猪粪（FM）这5种长期施肥（30 a）处理的旱地红壤,分别设置添加秸秆和不添加秸秆处理,在恒温恒湿条件下培养（65 %田间持水量,25 ℃）20 d.结果表明,施肥显著促进了N₂ O排放.相较不施肥处理[（22.05 ±2.09） μg·kg^-1,以N计,下同],施化肥处理N₂ O累计排放量显著增加了119 %~195 %[F和2F处理分别为（48.38 ±20.81） μg·kg^-1和（65.13 ±12.55） μg·kg^-1],施粪肥处理N₂ O累计排放量显著增加了275 %~399 %[M和FM处理分别为（82.72 ±12.73） μg·kg^-1和（1 101.99 ±425.71） μg·kg^-1].土壤硝态氮（NO₃ ^--N）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和可溶性总氮（DTN）是影响不同施肥处理N₂ O排放的主要因素.相较未添加秸秆,添加秸秆对CK、F和FM处理的N₂ O累计排放无显著影响,显著增加了2F（345 %）和M处理（247 %）的N₂ O累计排放.秸秆添加通过增加DOC和消耗DTN从而影响N₂ O排放.施肥显著促进了CO₂ 排放.相较不施肥处理,施粪肥处理CO₂ 累计排放量显著增加了120 %~130 %[M和FM处理累计排放量（以C计,下同）,分别为（122.11 ±4.3） mg·kg^-1和（116.47 ±4.55） mg·kg^-1],2F处理CO₂ 累计排放量显著增加了28 %[（65.13 ±12.55） mg·kg^-1].微生物量碳（MBC）、DOC和DTN是影响不同施肥处理CO₂ 排放的主要因素.相较未添加秸秆,添加秸秆条件下CO₂ 累计排放量显著增加了660 %~1 132 %.秸秆添加后DOC和MBC含量显著提高,促进了CO₂ 排放.综上,秸秆添加通过增加土壤DTN消耗和DOC含量显著促进施肥处理的N₂ O和CO₂ 排放.在施用粪肥的旱地红壤中应合理考虑秸秆还田,以平衡肥力提升与温室气体排放的综合效益.     

Dynamics of Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass in Alluvial Soil With Tillage and Amendments in Rice-wheat Systems

Rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) occupying 12 million ha of productive land are important for the food security of South Asia. There are, however, concerns that yield and factor productivity trends in these systems are declining/stagnating in recent years. Decrease in soil organic carbon is often suggested as a reason for such trends. A field experiment was conducted to study the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) dynamics in the rice-wheat systems. Use of organic amendments and puddling of soil before rice transplanting increased SOC and MBC contents. Microbial biomass carbon showed a seasonal pattern. It was low initially, reached its peak during the flowering stages in both rice and wheat and declined thereafter. Microbial biomass carbon was linearly related to SOC in both rice and wheat indicating that SOC could be used as a proxy for MBC.