Air Pollution Modelling at an Urban Scale – Russian Experience and Problems

Urban concentration fields are extremely inhomogeneous andtheir gradients are very high. It results in specificproblems when modelling air pollution at the urban scalethat are analysed in this paper. Some examples ofmisrepresentation of the urban concentration field,computed with the use of the source-receptor type models,are given here. They can help in understanding the natureof the problems we face and reveal deficiencies of thecomputational technologies in use. Filtering of thecomputed fields is suggested as an instrument for improvingtheir quality. Its efficiency is proved on the test runs.An algorithm for refinement of the filtered fields isintroduced in this paper.     

The Wild Animal as a Research Animal

Most discussions on animal experimentation refer to domesticated animals and regulations are tailored to this class of animals. However, wild animals are also used for research, e.g., in biological field research that is often directed to fundamental ecological-evolutionary questions or to conservation goals. There are several differences between domesticated and wild animals that are relevant for evaluation of the acceptability of animal experiments. Biological features of wild animals are often more critical as compared with domesticated animals because of their survival effects. An important issue is what is called here “natural suffering”: the suffering from natural circumstances. Should this type of suffering be taken into account when suffering from experimentation is evaluated? As an answer, it is suggested that ``natural functioning'' should be considered as an additional standard in the evaluation of wild animal experimentation. Finally, two topics related to the ecological context are considered. Firstly, the often inevitable involvement of non-research animals in wild animal experimentation, and secondly, the eco-centric approach to nature conservation. According to the latter position, animals are subordinated to ecosystems. All these aspects make the evaluation of wild animal experiments much more complex than experiments with domesticated animals. Preliminary scores are proposed to deal with these aspects. It is argued that this should not lead to a more complex governmental regulation, since an effective maintenance and control are hard to realize and one may loose the cooperation of researchers themselves. In addition, non-governmental professional organizations such as research societies and funding organizations play a pivotal role.     

SBR法处理城市生活污水的研究

介绍了ＳＢＲ法处理城市生活污水的小试。结果表明：ＳＢＲ法能获取较好的出水水质。总ＢＯＤ、溶解性ＢＯＤ、总ＣＯＤ、溶解性ＣＯＤ、氨氮和悬浮物去除率分别为９４．４／～９６．６％，９２．６％～９６．２％，８４．１％～８７．３％，６１％～６９％，７８．１％～８４．３％和９１．９％～９５．１％。为了适应农业灌溉的需要，还应采取深层石英砂过滤进一步降低浊度。     

Swedish-German actinide migration experiment at ÄSPÖ hard rock laboratory

Within the scope of a bilateral cooperation between Svensk Kärnbränslehantering (SKB) and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung (FZK-INE), an actinide migration experiment is currently being performed at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in Sweden. This paper covers laboratory and in situ investigations on actinide migration in single-fractured granite core samples. For the in situ experiment, the CHEMLAB 2 probe developed by SKB was used. The experimental setup as well as the breakthrough of inert tracers and of the actinides Am, Np and Pu are presented. The breakthrough curves of inert tracers were analyzed to determine hydraulic properties of the fractured samples. Postmortem analyses of the solid samples were performed to characterize the flow path and the sorbed actinides. After cutting the cores, the abraded material was analyzed with respect to sorbed actinides. The slices were scanned optically to visualize the flow path. Effective volumes and inner surface areas were measured.In the experiments, only breakthrough of Np(V) was observed. In each experiment, the recovery of Np(V) was ≤40%. Breakthrough of Am(III) and Pu(IV) as well as of Np(IV) was not observed.     

浅议攀钢翻渣场污染物无害化治理措施

针对攀钢在钢铁生产过程中产生的大量冶炼废弃物,主要是固、液、粉尘三类污染物,分别采用挡渣坝、挡水坝和喷洒降尘进行了处理,从而降低了污染物的扩散,实现了无害化的治理。     

并行时域有限差分法的瞬态声场及其效率分析

建立了适用于二维水下目标声散射声场计算的并行FDTD计算模型,通过计算结果对入射波激励目标的作用过程进行了时域分析,从各个时刻的瞬态声场分布图可以明显看出衍射、透射和散射现象,并且能够直观地给出声场分布形态以及声波传播的物理过程。通过算例测试了其在不同数目节点机参与下的计算耗时、内存耗用、并行加速度和并行效率。分析了计算耗时、内存耗用、并行加速度、并行效率随节点数变化的关系曲线,同时还着重分析了并行效率下降的原因。     

依据VOC浓度变化优化场地SVE通风流量的研究

土壤气相抽提(SVE)中挥发性有机污染物(VOC)的扩散速度是确定SVE抽提流量的依据。为了优化场地SVE通风流量,结合试验现场土壤的土质条件和含水率,测试了污染物在不同均质土质中的扩散速度,绘制了污染物浓度随时间变化曲线。研究表明污染物的扩散在不同种土质和含水率的条件下,浓度的变化具有相似规律:快速上升阶段,出现拐点,浓度稳定阶段;在测试的压力场范围内,结合场地不同的抽提流量(Flow rate)的通风以及停止通风进行浓度恢复的试验,同样获取了场地污染物的浓度变化曲线,即场地污染物浓度平衡破坏和浓度平衡的恢复。测试数据显示,不同土质结构的场地内不同区域的污染物浓度恢复曲线和单一土质的污染物扩散具有相同的规律。因此可以采用扩散速度来求解抽提的通风流量。根据室内外的测试数据,文中给出了理论计算的场地优化通风速率建议。     

世界封存CO_2驱油的现状与前景

"碳捕捉与封存"技术有助于减少温室气体排放和控制全球变暖,评述了世界可深层封存CO2的潜力,世界各国封存CO2提高油田采收率的现状和发展趋势,以及中国CO2驱油的前景。     

实验用水对高锰酸盐指数准确度的影响

高锰酸盐指数是水质监测的主要项目之一,它是地表水和地下水受还原性无机物和有机物污染的重要衡量尺度。简单介绍了高锰酸盐指数测定中对实验用水的要求及实验用水的处理方法,通过对七个标准样品的实验测定及讨论,得出实验用水对高锰酸盐指数的测定是不可忽视的,尤其对标准样品影响最为严重,它带来的不仅仅是误差的问题,而是会导致错误的结果。因此在高锰酸盐指数的测定分析中,一定要严格控制实验用水使其符合要求,以提高测定的准确度和精密度。     

我国原油流动的空间格局研究

运用平衡方程式分析了我国各省区的原油生产消费与输入输出状况,并根据自给率,将我国26个原油流动省区划分为基本自给型、半自给型、净输出型和净补给型4种原油产需平衡类型。根据流动比率,26个省区可划归为输出中心、输入中心和交流中心3种原油流动职能类型;在分布格局上,输出中心为直角三角形,输入中心为直角梯形区,交流中心则为钝角三角形。以主要源地为标准,我国原油流动可划分为北部、西北、华东和华南四大流场,其中北部、西北属于全国性流场。我国原油流动路径可分为五大密集区,各区路径的空间结构不同：东北区为树状网络结构,华北区为单枝二叉树状结构,西北区为"X"形结构,华东区为多中心"Ⅲ"形结构,华南区则为"Y"形结构。流动路径之间还广泛存在并联与串联,充分发挥多种通道的综合流动效益。研究原油流动空间格局为我国石油空间组织的优化奠定了基础。〖