Media messages and the needs of infants and young children after Cyclone Nargis and the WenChuan Earthquake

Infants and young children are vulnerable in emergencies. The media plays an important role in aid delivery and has a positive impact when reports are accurate. However, the media has been implicated in encouraging harmful aid in the form of donations of infant formula and other milk products. Internet‐based media reports were collected after Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar and the WenChuan Earthquake in China (2008) and examined for content related to infant and young child feeding. Common messages identified included that: babies are vulnerable; stress prevents breastfeeding; and providing infant formula saves lives. Messages rarely reported included that: artificial feeding is dangerous; and breastfeeding protects infants. This analysis suggests that current patterns of media reporting may encourage harmful aid and increase child morbidity and mortality. Aid organisations should encourage the media to report accurately on the needs of infant and young children in emergencies so as to improve aid delivery.     

长期定位施肥土壤有效磷与速效钾的剖面分布及对作物产量的影响

通过25年的长期定位试验研究不同的施肥方式对土壤有效磷与速效钾质量分数及水稻产量的影响。研究结果表明：有机肥配合施用氮、磷、钾肥能够大大提高土壤耕层有效磷的质量分数,施肥主要影响土壤耕层有效磷的质量分数,对其它土层影响不明显。有机肥配合施用氮、磷、钾肥能够提高土壤耕层速效钾的质量分数,对20~40 cm土层土壤速效钾质量分数也有提高作用。化肥配合有机肥施用稻谷的产量高于单施化肥或单施有机肥,单施化肥或单施有机肥稻谷的产量高于不施肥的对照。因此,为了提高土壤肥力与作物产量,最好的培肥方式是有机肥配施氮磷钾肥。     

Fatal motorcycle crashes in wide urban area of Zagreb,Croatia—A 10-year review

Objective: The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol and drug intoxication among fatally injured motorcyclists in a wide urban area of Zagreb, Croatia.

Methods: We conducted a single-center observational retrospective study over a 10-year period (2007–2016) in 3 counties covering an area including 1.2 million residents. We reviewed the records on fatally injured motorcyclists, collecting information relating to sex, age, cause of death, time of death in relation to the time of the crash, and the circumstances of the crash (time of day, day of the week, season). Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and toxicology analysis results were collected and analyzed.

Results: We identified 163 deaths (95.7% males, 4.3% females). Overall, 64.2% of the victims were 20 to 39 years old. The majority (50.9%) of those fatally injured were responsible for causing the traffic crash; the rest were determined not to be responsible or the responsibility could not be determined. The most frequent causes of death were multiple injuries (55.8%) and isolated head trauma (23.3%). The rider’s BAC was above the legal limit for driving (>0.50?g/kg) in 53.8% of cases, with a mean BAC of 1.91?g/kg. There was no difference in riding a motorcycle with a BAC above the legal limit between groups defined as younger (≤39 years of age) and older (≥40 years of age). The number of people with an illegal BAC was significantly higher during weekends than during the work week. The BAC of riders who were responsible for the crash was significantly higher than that of those who were not responsible or whose responsibility could not be determined. Use of illegal drugs or nontherapeutic use of legal drugs was not common and was detected in 10.4% of fatally injured riders.

Conclusions: Alcohol intoxication has a major role in motorcycle crash–related mortality. A significant difference in BAC between fatally injured riders responsible for the accident and those who were not responsible implies that measures directed toward prevention of drinking and driving behavior could lower the number of fatal motorcycle crashes. Weekend measures, especially during spring and summer, could have particularly significant effects.     

多壁碳纳米管长期作用对活性污泥系统的影响

为研究MWCNTs(multi-walled carbon nanotubes,多壁碳纳米管)对活性污泥长期作用的影响,建立3组(每组包括3个平行反应器)序批式活性污泥反应器,研究了2种质量浓度(1、20 mg/L)的MWCNTs长期(120 d)作用对活性污泥系统废水处理效果的影响,并采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术研究MWCNTs长期作用后活性污泥中细菌群落结构的变化. 结果表明:20 mg/L的MWCNTs对生物脱氮效果存在明显的抑制作用,TN平均去除率由83.4%降至71.7%;1 mg/L的MWCNTs长期作用后TN平均去除率由83.7%降至79.7%. 1和20 mg/L的MWCNTs对磷的去除均有抑制作用,TP平均去除率分别由98.0%和98.2%降至52.0%和34.0%. Illumina MiSeq高通量测序结果表明,不同质量浓度的MWCNTs长期作用后降低了活性污泥中细菌群落的多样性. 同时,活性污泥中细菌群落结构也发生了变化,其中α-Proteobacteria和γ-Proteobacteria的丰度升高,Bacteroidetes的丰度降低. 1 mg/L的MWCNTs长期作用可致以Defluviicoccus和Micropruina为代表的一类聚糖菌(glycogen-accumulating organisms, GAOs)丰度显著升高,20 mg/L的MWCNTs长期作用可致16个核心属的丰度明显降低.      

母乳中全氟化合物的污染水平与婴儿暴露评估

为探索北京市产妇母乳中典型全氟化合物的污染水平及婴儿经母乳的外暴露水平及风险.于2011~2012年通过征集母乳捐献志愿者方式采集95份母乳样本,并填写调查表,记录母乳捐献者的人口学特征及居住环境等信息.采用固相萃取结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定母乳中全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷磺酸的含量,估算婴儿经母乳的每日摄入量并与参考剂量进行比较.结果显示北京市产妇母乳中全氟辛酸含量均值和中位数分别为42和37.4pg/m L,范围在13.4~181.3pg/m L之间.全氟辛烷磺酸含量高于全氟辛酸,均值、中位数和范围分别为66.6、54.5和14~390.3pg/m L,统计分析发现全氟辛酸与体重指数呈正相关但与母乳产出时间呈负相关,而全氟辛烷磺酸则与产妇年龄呈正相关.婴儿经母乳全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸每日摄入量中值分别为4.67和6.81ng/(kg bw·d),最高值分别为22.66和48.79ng/(kg bw·d),显示部分婴儿经母乳摄入的全氟辛烷磺酸水平超过了参考剂量,健康风险值得关注.     

土壤肥力长期定位试验研究初报

１９８７～１９９７年的土壤肥力长期定位试验结果表明：空白区的产量更能反映耕地基础地力的高低;在目前的施肥水平下,氮、磷、钾配合施用能增加土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮的含量;增施氮、钾肥能显著增加水稻产量。监测点较好地反映了广东省目前的农业生产状况,对农业生产具有一定的指导意义。     

A roadmap for ladybird conservation and recovery

Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) provide services that are critical to food production, and they fulfill an ecological role as a food source for predators. The richness, abundance, and distribution of ladybirds, however, are compromised by many anthropogenic threats. Meanwhile, a lack of knowledge of the conservation status of most species and the factors driving their population dynamics hinders the development and implementation of conservation strategies for ladybirds. We conducted a review of the literature on the ecology, diversity, and conservation of ladybirds to identify their key ecological threats. Ladybird populations are most affected by climate factors, landscape composition, and biological invasions. We suggest mitigating actions for ladybird conservation and recovery. Short-term actions include citizen science programs and education, protective measures for habitat recovery and threatened species, prevention of the introduction of non-native species, and the maintenance and restoration of natural areas and landscape heterogeneity. Mid-term actions involve the analysis of data from monitoring programs and insect collections to disentangle the effect of different threats to ladybird populations, understand habitat use by taxa on which there is limited knowledge, and quantify temporal trends of abundance, diversity, and biomass along a management-intensity gradient. Long-term actions include the development of a worldwide monitoring program based on standardized sampling to fill data gaps, increase explanatory power, streamline analyses, and facilitate global collaborations.     

湖南省臭氧污染基本特征分析及长期趋势变化主控因素识别

近些年来湖南省臭氧(O3)污染程度呈现持续恶化态势,针对该区域O3污染相关研究较为缺乏的现状,基于观测数据对2015～2020年期间湖南省14个地级市O3污染浓度的时空演化特征进行了分析,并利用广义相加模型(GAM)对O3污染长期趋势变化的主控因素进行了识别(气象校正).结果表明,时间上,湖南省区域O3具有明显的日际、...     

Dynamics of Policy Networks. The Case of Organic Farming Policy in the Czech Republic

To better understand the potential for successful and long-term establishment of environmental policy, the aim of this paper is to explore the network dynamics of a policy field that has become well established in the EU: organic farming. We look at the dynamics of the organic farming policy network in the Czech Republic over a period of 10 years by applying a comparative formal network analysis. We focused in particular on the distribution of power between actors and how capacities of policy actors have evolved between 2004 (its year of accession to the EU) and 2014. We conclude that the organic farming policy network in the Czech Republic has been highly dynamic and has changed from one that was decidedly influenced by organic sector organizations to a network centralized around the Ministry of Agriculture. However, the organic farming organization managed to maintain its good reputation for competence in organic farming policy, which creates opportunities for the organization to remain active in the policy debate.     

中国土壤修复与治理的投融资政策最新进展与展望

中国目前的土壤污染修复资金主要来源于政府财政性投资,融资渠道较为单一。《土壤污染防治行动计划》实施后,如何满足实现土壤污染修复与治理目标的投资需求是一个迫切需要解决的问题,充分创新发挥市场力量,建立长效的融资政策机制是核心内容。本文评估了中国土壤污染修复与治理投融资政策现状,识别了投融资面临的关键问题和挑战,提出了"十三五"时期中国土壤修复与治理的投融资机制建设的政策建议,为"十三五"时期中国土壤修复投融资模式创新提供管理技术支撑。