A New Flood Index for Use in Evaluation of Local Flood Severity: A Case Study of Small Ungauged Catchments in Korea1

Ahn, Jae Hyun and Hyun Il Choi, 2013. A New Flood Index for Use in Evaluation of Local Flood Severity: A Case Study of Small Ungauged Catchments in Korea. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 49(1): 1‐14. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12025 Abstract: The aim of this article is to develop a new index measuring the severity of floods in small ungauged catchments for initial local flood information by the regression analysis between the new flooding index and rainfall patterns. Although a rapid local flood caused by heavy storm in a short period of time is now one of common natural disasters worldwide, such a sudden and violent hydrologic event is difficult to forecast. As local flooding rises rapidly with little or no advance warning, the key to local flood forecasting is to quickly identify when and where local flooding above a threshold is likely to occur. The new flooding index to characterize local floods is measured by the three normalized relative severity factors for the flood magnitude ratio, the rising curve gradient, and the flooding duration time, quantifying characteristics of flood runoff hydrographs. The new flooding index implemented for the two selected small ungauged catchments in the Korean Peninsula shows a very high correlation with logarithm of the 2‐h maximum rainfall depth. This study proposes 30 mm of rainfall in a 2‐h period as a basin‐specific guidance of precaution for the incipient local flooding in the two study catchments. It is expected that the best‐fit regression equation between the new flooding index and a certain rainfall rate can provide preliminary observations, the flood threshold, and severity information, for use in a local flood alert system in small ungauged catchments. Editor's note: This paper is part of a featured series on Korean Hydrology. The series addresses the need for a new paradigm of river and watershed management for Korea due to climate and land use changes.     

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Climate changes in the past century and radial increment of pine in the Southern Ural steppe

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Runoff variation affected by precipitation change and human activity in Hailiutu River basin,China

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研究已证实大气氮沉降的增加显著影响了土壤有机碳的含量,然而其变化幅度在不同的实验样地具有较大的差异.基于在我国开展的49个模拟氮沉降野外实验的408组数据,利用Meta分析、Meta回归和线性回归等方法系统研究了样地气候、土壤属性以及氮素施用参数对施氮后土壤有机碳含量的影响.结果表明,样地的年均温（MAT）和年均降水量（MAP）与施氮后土壤有机碳含量变化幅度显著正相关（P<0.05）.在MAT或MAP较低（MAT<3℃,MAP<500 mm）的样地中,施氮后土壤有机碳含量显著下降;而在MAT或MAP较高（MAT>3℃,MAP>500 mm）的样地中,施氮后土壤有机碳含量则显著升高.土壤属性方面,在C：N较高（>15）或酸性（pH<6.5）土壤中,施氮后土壤有机碳积累明显（P<0.05）;而在C：N较低（≤15）以及中性或碱性（pH≥6.5）土壤中,施氮后土壤有机碳变化不明显（P >0.05）.此外,施氮后草原生态系统土壤有机碳含量明显下降（-5.34%）;而湿地生态系统土壤有机碳含量变化不明显;森林生态系统土壤有机碳表现出明显积累（10.52%）,特别是阔叶林生态系统（13.10%）.所有的因子中,土壤C：N是影响施氮后土壤有机碳变化幅度的主导因子.在施氮类型方面,施加硝酸铵或尿素后土壤有机碳含量显著升高,而施加硝态氮对其影响不显著.综上所述,在精确评估、预测和分析氮沉降对土壤有机碳含量的影响时,应综合考虑样地的气候、土壤属性以及氮素施用参数等因素对实验结果的影响.     

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长期施肥下水稻根际和非根际土壤微生物碳源利用特征

以红壤丘陵区典型稻田长期定位施肥试验土壤为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田+化肥(NPKS)、30%有机肥+化肥(LOM)和60%有机肥+化肥(HOM)这5种处理,研究长期不同施肥条件下水稻根际和非根际土壤微生物碳源利用特征.基于~(18)O-H_2O示踪的结果表明,土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生长速率(CGrowth)均以HOM处理最高,CK处理最低.根际土中,土壤微生物基础呼吸速率以HOM最高,CK和NPK最低;微生物碳源利用效率(CUE)以NPK最高,LOM和HOM最低.非根际土中,不同施肥处理的基础呼吸速率和CUE均无显著差异. MicroResp~(TM)结果显示,非根际土中微生物对外源碳源代谢能力高于根际土.施用有机物料(秸秆或有机肥)均能提高微生物对羧酸类、氨基酸、碳水化合物的代谢速率,且土壤微生物利用羧酸类碳源的活性最高,其次为氨基酸类和碳水化合物类碳源,对复杂化合物的代谢速率较低. RDA分析表明,微生物对不同碳源代谢情况的聚类总体以根际土与非根际土分开,CK与施肥处理分开,且NPK与NPKS相对聚集,LOM与HOM相对聚集,NPK、NPKS与LOM、HOM分开,即不同施肥处理显著改变土壤微生物对外源碳源代谢特征.结果表明,施肥未改变微生物CUE和基础呼吸速率,但有外源碳源输入(如根系分泌物)的情况下,施用有机物料增加基础呼吸、降低CUE.