泰山大气卤代烃的长期变化趋势与来源

卤代烃是大气环境与气候变化研究的热点问题.基于2003 ～2018年在泰山山顶(36.25°N,117.10°E,海拔1534 m)的6期强化观测数据,结合气流轨迹模型与受体源解析模型,分析了华北平原区域背景大气中卤代烃的长期变化趋势和主要来源.结果 表明,《蒙特利尔议定书》已淘汰物种(CFC-12、CFC-11、CF...     

汶川地震盆地效应的思考与建议

通过实地考察及资料搜集,统计分析了汶川地震中地貌以及局部场地条件对震害的影响。根据受灾城市所在地理位置的不同,将城市分为盆地内部(成都)、盆地边缘(都江堰、绵竹、江油、什邡)、盆地外部(北川)3类,分别统计了震害情况,分析了震害原因。发现在这次地震中盆地效应尤其明显,盆地边缘震害比较严重;盆地中部震害较轻;山区的震害比平原的严重,尤其是在两个距离比较近的山体之间的地区,除了地震灾害之外,滑坡、泥石流等次生灾害也很严重。最后对建筑抗震设计提出了几点建议。     

强震记录中速度大脉冲模拟及其对反应谱的影响

在近断层地震中,具有速度大脉冲的强震动对建筑物的影响较大。为了描述速度大脉冲,Makris和Roussos提出了由简单连续函数构成的模型,该模型参数较少、形式简单,用来描述实际地震记录中的速度脉冲大多取得较好的效果,但还是有一些记录模拟的结果会出现"丢失"现象,存在一些缺陷。针对此问题,本文提出了2个改进的方法——组合法和镜像法,用来扩展Makris和Roussos模型的适用范围,使其具有更好的适应性。     

杀虫剂及抗生素对发光菌的短期毒性与长期毒性

以毒物对青海弧菌Q67 (Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67)发光抑制为毒性指标,基于短期微板毒性分析法(S-MTA法),建立了长期微板毒性分析法(L-MTA法),测定了吡虫啉(IMI)、抗蚜威(PIR)、啶虫脒(ACE)及敌百虫(DIP)等4种杀虫剂与氯霉素(CHL)、盐酸四环素(TET)、硫酸链霉素(STR)及硫酸巴龙霉素(PAR)等4种抗生素的短期(15 min)毒性和长期(12 h)毒性.采用短期毒性与长期毒性EC₅₀之比(RSL)为指标,表征同一物质的毒性差异. 结果表明:3种杀虫剂(IMI,ACE及PIR)的短期毒性与长期毒性差异不大(其RSL分别为0.84,0.81和1.11);杀虫剂DIP和2个抗生素(CHL及TET)的短期毒性与长期毒性差异明显(其RSL分别为11.76,9.67及154.38);另2个抗生素(STR和PAR)只有较强的长期毒性.      

铬渣的长期稳定性试验研究

采用硫酸亚铁为还原剂，粉煤灰为添加剂对铬渣进行固化／稳定化处理，并通过冻融、碳化、模拟酸雨淋溶以及表面浸出实验研究了固化体的长期稳定性。冻融后固化体的质量损失小于1％，强度损失小于10％；碳化后其碳化深度在8mm～15mm之间；抗压强度均大于30Mpa，可用于建筑用途；六价铬的浸出毒性均低于国家标准的1．5mg／L：表明固化体长期稳定性良好，用于填埋，安全、可靠。     

气候变化背景下鄱阳湖流域历史水旱灾害变化特征

收集了鄱阳湖流域公元381~1949年共435 a水旱灾害历史记录。结合历史气候变化的现有研究成果,划分了干旱、湿润历史周期及其起讫时间,根据历史记录承载的信息对水旱灾情严重程度进行科学分级并赋予相应湿润指数值。通过改进水文统计中的P-Ⅲ型频率曲线适线法,分别率定了公元960~1949年期间各湿润、干旱时期湿润指数的均值、方差和离差系数,研究了鄱阳湖流域历史水旱灾害的变化特征。结果表明:公元960~1698年鄱阳湖流域经历了湿润—干旱相间的3个周期,1699~1949年遭遇长达250 a以上的湿润多雨气候。湿润期遭受洪灾年份比旱灾年份多,且大洪灾年数远比于大旱灾年数多;干旱期遭受旱灾年数略多于洪灾年数,但大旱灾年数比大洪灾年数多一些。研究结果对探索鄱阳湖演变、湖区资源开发利用和湿地生态系统演进的历史过程可以提供比较可靠的气候变化依据。     

Policy Characterization of Ecosystem management

This paper provides a comparison of ecosystem management (EM) to the traditional regulatory management approach and outlines the characteristics of EM from a policy perspective, defining the conditions under which this management tool can be successfully implemented. Ecosystem management is a collaborative and integrative tool focused on balancing societal needs, economic growth, and environmental protection to ensure the long-term ecological integrity of a particular ecosystem. The characteristics of this particular tool include: (1) its holistic approach to environmental problems; (2) its integration of values (economic, social, and environmental) through a collaborative, multi-partner, decision making structure; (3) its reliance on science to guide decisions and set boundaries; and (4) its ability to learn from the implementation of decisions (adaptive management). Examples are draw from Environment Canada's various regional ecosystem initiatives.     

Evaluation of A Sampling Strategy for Estimation of Long-term Pm2.5 Exposure for Epidemiological Studies

As part of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) PM_2.5 (particles collected with an upper 50% cut point of 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter) was measured using an EPA-WINS (Environmetal Protection Agency Well Impactor Ninety-six) sampler. The monitoring schedule was restricted to 7 days per month for one year. Simultaneously, during this one year study period a collocated Harvard Impactor (HI) was run on a daily basis in Erfurt, Germany. Here we validated the reliability of annual, seasonal and monthly means estimated using the ECRHS scheme (measurements taken less than 25% of the whole study period) with the ‘true’ long-term averages, which were estimated using all available daily means.The daily PM_2.5 means, obtained by both instruments operated in parallel, were only slightly different (the mean difference between EPA-WINS and HI was 1.8 μg m⁻³ and 2.8 μg m⁻³ for the winter means). The values obtained by the two instruments were highly correlated (r = 0.95).In view of that negligible difference, no additional bias was seen with respect to the annual and the winter means estimated by the two different sampling strategies (the difference was 1.7 μg m⁻³ and 2.7 μg m⁻³, respectively). Monthly means, however, can only be considered to be a crude estimate that may substantially under- or overestimate the true monthly mean value.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性

利用柱试验研究了我国垃圾焚烧飞灰在过流系统中的浸出特性. 结果表明:在过流系统中,浸出液的pH呈先升后降的趋势,并且在试验后期保持在碱性条件(pH在9.66左右);飞灰中阳离子(Na+,K+,Ca2+)和阴离子(Cl－,SO₄2－)的浸出主要集中在试验初期(第96 天),使初期浸出液含盐量很高;柱试验中4种重金属的浸出质量浓度〔ρ(Cd),ρ(Pb),ρ(Cu)和ρ(Cr)〕远低于批试验,但试验前期浸出液中的重金属浸出质量浓度相对较高;当浸取时间超过120 d时,虽然浸出液中重金属浸出质量浓度明显降低,但仍有一定量的重金属不断浸出.      

废水可生物降解COD组分2种表征方法的比较

利用自行开发的混合呼吸速率测量仪在接种污泥的条件下对重庆某城市污水处理厂污水进行了呼吸速率测试（短期BOD测试,以呼吸速率测量重新进入内源呼吸阶段为结束）;同时应用美国产BI-2000电解质呼吸仪在不接种污泥的条件下对该污水进行了BOD测试（长期BOD测试,理论上以污水中所有有机物矿化为结束）。对2种测试方法及其结果进行了比较,结果表明,2种方法得到的BCOD存在很大差异,短期BOD测试方法得到的结果仅为长期BOD测试方法得到的结果的40％～60％。通过批式呼吸测量方法测定了原废水中的活性异养微生物浓度XH(0),结果表明,XH(0)与BCOD_st之和与BCOD_lt比较接近,两者之比在0.88～1.02之间,平均值为0.94。