宁夏地区二斑叶螨的寄主植物选择及其季节转移

采用田间系统观察和室内饲养方法,调查并发现宁夏引黄灌区和新垦区二斑叶螨（Tetranychus urticae Koch)为寄主植物88种,其中野生寄主植物59种,栽培寄主29种,垦前荒漠,半荒漠有适宜二斑叶螨生存和繁殖的寄主植物分布,用生命表方法研究了20种主要寄主植物对二斑叶螨实验种群净生殖率（R0)的营养效应,不同寄主植物随季节的变化其营养效应明显不同,对二斑叶螨在这些寄主植物间的季节转移规律研究表明,宁夏农田,以野荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris,小旋花Calystegia hederacea,小蓟Cephalanoplos segetumji,苦苣菜Sonchus brachyotus,车前草Plantago asiatica,蚕豆Vicia foba,大豆Glycine max,玉米Zea mays等一起,构成了有利于二斑叶螨季节转移的寄主体系,分析认为,宁夏麦套玉米间作大豆的耕种模式是二斑叶螨大发生的主要原因之一。     

三苯基锡芳氧乙酸酯化合物正辛醇—水分配系数的测定

采用控瓶(Shake-flask)法测定了九种三苯基锡芳氧乙酸酯化合物的正辛醇-水分配系数,通过Leo碎片带数法推算了该系列化合物中锡的碎片常数为fsn=-4.22±0.09.     

时段长取值变化下的径流年内分配特征研究

利用东江流域控制站博罗站1954—2009年日平均流量资料,选取集中度、集中期、不均匀系数和极值比4项指标,研究了河川径流年内分配特征,在不同时段长取值下的变化规律及年际变化特征。结果表明：东江径流年内分配的集中程度及时间,基本上不会受到时段长取值大小变化的影响。集中度多年均值为0.35,集中期多年均值出现在7月上旬。径流年内分配不均匀性和变化幅度,随时段长取值缩短而增大,并与时段长的对数线性负相关。不均匀系数多年均值由基于月平均流量分配的0.62上升到基于1 d平均流量分配的0.89,极值比多年均值由基于月平均流量分配的8.63上升到基于1 d平均流量分配的39.55。径流年内分配特征在不同时段长取值下的逐年变化规律基本相似,但由于流域水资源开发等人类活动的显著影响,1973年之后的集中度、不均匀系数和极值比均明显减小,且径流年内分配的集中程度和不均匀性均要小于珠江流域的另外两大水系西江和北江。     

Organic Liquids Storage Tanks Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) Emissions Dispersion and Risk Assessment in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar-Es-Salaam City, Tanzania

The emission estimation of nine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from eight organic liquids storage tanks companies in Dar-es-Salaam City Tanzania has been done by using US EPA standard regulatory storage tanks emission model (TANKS 4.9b). Total VOCs atmospheric emission has been established to be 853.20 metric tones/yr. It has been established further that petrol storage tanks contribute about 87% of total VOCs emitted, while tanks for other refined products and crude oil were emitting 10% and 3% of VOCs respectively. Of the eight sources (companies), the highest emission value from a single source was 233,222.94 kg/yr and the lowest single source emission value was 6881.87 kg/yr. The total VOCs emissions estimated for each of the eight sources were found to be higher than the standard level of 40,000 kg/yr per source for minor source according to US EPA except for two sources, which were emitting VOCs below the standard level. The annual emissions per single source for each of the VOCs were found to be below the US EPA emissions standard which is 2,000~kg/yr in all companies except the emission of hexane from company F1 which was slightly higher than the standard. The type of tanks used seems to significantly influence the emission rate. Vertical fixed roof tanks (VFRT) emit a lot more than externally floating roof tanks (EFRT) and internally floating roof tanks (IFRT). The use of IFRT and EFRT should be encouraged especially for storage of petrol which had highest atmospheric emission contribution. Model predicted atmospheric emissions are less than annual losses measured by companies in all the eight sources. It is possible that there are other routes for losses beside atmospheric emissions. It is therefore important that waste reduction efforts in these companies are directed not only to reducing atmospheric emissions, but also prevention of the spillage and leakage of stored liquid and curbing of the frequently reported illegal siphoning of stored products. Emission rates for benzene, toluene, and xylene were used as input to CALPUFF air dispersion model for the calculation of spatial downwind concentrations from area sources. By using global positioning system (GPS) and geographical information system (GIS) the spatial benzene concentration contributed by organic liquid storage tanks has been mapped for Dar-es-Salaam City. Highest concentrations for all the three toxic pollutants were observed at Kigamboni area, possibly because the area is located at the wind prevailing direction from the locations of the storage tanks. The model predicted concentrations downwind from the sources were below tolerable concentrations by WHO and US-OSHA. The highest 24 hrs averaging time benzene concentration was used for risk assessment in order to determine maximum carcinogenic risk amongst the population exposed at downwind. Established risk for adult and children at 2.9×10^-3 and 1.9×10^-3 respectively, are higher than the acceptable US-EPA risk of 1×10^-6. It is very likely that the actual VOCs concentrations in some urban areas in Tanzania including Dar-es-Salaam City are much higher than the levels reported in this study when other sources such as petrol stations and motor vehicles on the roads are considered. Tanzania Government therefore need to put in place: an air quality policy and legislation, establish air quality guidelines and acquire facilities which will enable the implementation of air quality monitoring and management programmes.     

典型固定燃烧源颗粒物成分谱特征研究

为了研究典型固定燃烧源颗粒物成分谱特征,于2013年在河北省应用固定源稀释采样系统采集燃煤电厂、燃煤锅炉、水泥窑及焦化厂炼焦炉等固定燃烧源排放的颗粒物(PM_(10)和PM_(2.5))样品。采样点设置在脱硫除尘器后,稀释比控制在20倍,采样流量为16.7L/min,采集3~4 h,每种颗粒物采集3个平行样品。应用ICP-MS、离子色谱仪和DRI碳质分析仪对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品中的元素组分、水溶性离子及OC/EC组分质量分数进行了分析。结果表明,采用循环流化床锅炉的燃煤电厂排放的PM_(10)中主要组分为Al、Ca、SO_4~(2-)、OC,其质量分数分别为12.1%±5.3%、20.4%±7.3%、9.7%±3.1%、26.7%±8.2%,PM_(2.5)主要组分为Al(11.4%±4.7%)、Ca(17.9%±5.8%)、SO_4~(2-)(11.5%±2.8%)、OC(30.4%±10.8%);采用煤粉炉锅炉的燃煤电厂排放的PM_(10)中主要组分为Al、Ca、SO_4~(2-),其质量分数分别为18.9%±6.4%、12.8%±4.3%、6.2%±2.3%,PM_(2.5)主要组分为Al(9.5%±3.7%)、Ca(12.8%±5.5%)、SO_4~(2-)(10.8%±3.6%)。燃煤锅炉排放的颗粒物中主要组分为Na、Ca、Al、Fe、S、SO_4~(2-)、OC,水泥窑窑尾烟气颗粒物中Na、S、Ca、SO_4~(2-)、Mg~(2+)、OC质量分数较高,炼焦炉排放的颗粒物中主要组分为S、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、OC。4类固定燃烧源PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)成分谱中各成分的相关系数均在0.9以上,但分歧系数分析结果表明PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)颗粒物成分谱差异性较大。     

埋地油气管道沿线土壤腐蚀性可拓评价研究

油气管道长期埋设在土壤环境中会受到各种侵蚀介质的腐蚀并引发泄漏、火灾、爆炸等事故。针对土壤腐蚀因素复杂多变的特点,建立基于物元、可拓集合和关联函数的埋地油气管道沿线土壤腐蚀性评价模型;选取土壤电阻率、自然电位、氧化还原电位、pH值、含水率、Cl-含量、SO42-含量7个评价指标,将土壤对油气管道腐蚀的严重程度划分为低、较低、中、强和较强5个等级;采用客观赋权的变异系数法（CV法）来确定土壤腐蚀性评价指标的权重,避免了以往评价方法的主观性,进一步提高模型的精度和效率。以某埋地天然气管道5个管段土壤为例,可拓评价结果表明4#土壤的腐蚀性较强,其他土壤腐蚀性中等,这与外腐蚀检测结果吻合,证明所想出的模型简便、高效、精确,具有很好的科学性和工程应用性。     

体育馆人员常态下疏散实验与火灾时疏散模拟分析

为研究体育馆人员常态下的疏散特征,采用疏散实验观测和计算机模拟的方法,分别研究常态下人员的疏散行为。研究结果表明,常态下实验测得的疏散时间是182 s,计算机模拟火灾时疏散时间为147s。通过疏散实验和计算机模拟对比得出,常态条件下,整个疏散过程流量系数基本保持恒定,疏散实验流量系数小于软件模拟时流量系数;火灾时数值模拟疏散时间小于常态下观测实验的疏散时间。     

三峡水库不同运行状态下支流澎溪河水-气界面温室气体通量特征初探

水电是具有显著减排效益的清洁能源形式,但水库潜在的温室气体效应近年来备受关切,在一定程度上影响了人们对水库清洁能源属性的认识.本研究分别于2010年8月水库低水位运行期及12月高水位运行期,对三峡库区典型支流——澎溪河上游温泉至下游双江6个沿程断面进行水样的采集及温室气体通量的监测研究.结果表明,在河流纵向上,表层水体水温、pH逐渐沿程增加,而CO2分压(pCO2)和碱度(TA)则有相反趋势.在低水位的8月,开县以下断面CO2通量为负,且浮游植物可能是控制水体CO2通量及营养盐的关键因素之一.澎溪河回水区CO2通量相对天然河道背景断面(温泉)平均降低了3.26 mmol.(m2.h)-1,而CH4通量却大幅度增加了.在高水位运行的12月,澎溪河各断面均为CO2释放通量,CH4通量相比低水位则明显降低.相比较天然河道的温泉断面,澎溪河回水区在高水位运行状态下CO2与CH4通量分别增加了4.16mmol.(m2.h)-1和0.007 mmol.(m2.h)-1.初步的净通量分析发现,该水域较加拿大实验水库的净通量特征低.     

SWAT模型在洱海流域面源污染评价中的应用

重点污染区域和污染因子的识别是面源污染控制的基础. 通过将物理过程模拟及排污系数法计算进行整合,建立了SWAT模型,以描述农业生产活动与污染入湖量之间的关联关系,并以云南洱海流域总氮污染为例,使用验证后的SWAT模型模拟计算不同空间单元和不同农业生产活动对入湖TN的污染贡献系数,定量分析流域内各区域的农业面源污染源结构,识别洱海流域重点农业污染源和农业污染村镇. 结果表明,奶牛养殖、生猪养殖和大蒜种植是目前洱海流域内入湖TN污染的最重要农业污染源,占流域总污染负荷的66.12%. 对入湖TN污染贡献最大的6个村镇为江尾、右所、三营、玉湖、凤仪和喜洲,占流域总污染负荷的63.41%.