水电开发对河流生态系统服务的效应评估与时空变化特征分析——以武江干流为例

水电开发对河流生态系统的影响不容忽视,科学评估其影响有助于建立更可持续的水电开发模式。以武江干流为例,利用当量因子法和功能价值评估法,分析了武江干流梯级水电开发对受淹没影响的河岸带陆地生态系统和河流生态系统服务的效益及损失,并就其对河流生态系统服务的综合效应进行了评估。结果显示：武江干流水电开发使受淹没影响的河岸带生态系统和河流生态系统本身的服务价值均出现增加,价值增量主要体现在水文调节、水资源供给等服务方面;武江干流水电开发对河流生态系统服务的正效应大于负效应,正效应主要体现在发电、水文调节、气体调节等方面,负效应主要体现在维持生物多样性、土壤保持等支持服务方面。研究认为不同规模水电站的正负效应侧重点不同,不同流域单位电能的生态损失难以直接横向比较。结合多年来武江鱼类资源跟踪调查数据,分析了鱼类生物损失指数的变化趋势,探讨了水电开发在时间上的累积生态效应及水电服务的空间格局差异。由于生物多样性等服务的影响难以用货币直接衡量,加上水域的单位面积服务价值远高于其他生态用地类型,导致负效应的价值评估偏保守,武江干流水电开发的正负效应之比偏大。     

Priority areas for conservation of and research focused on terrestrial vertebrates

Effective conservation policies require comprehensive knowledge of biodiversity. However, knowledge shortfalls still remain, hindering possibilities to improve decision making and built such policies. During the last 2 decades, conservationists have made great efforts to allocate resources as efficiently as possible but have rarely considered the idea that if research investments are also strategically allocated, it would likely fill knowledge gaps while simultaneously improving conservation actions. Therefore, prioritizing areas where both conservation and research actions could be conducted becomes a critical endeavor that can further maximize return on investment. We used Zonation, a conservation planning tool and geographical distributions of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles to suggest and compare priority areas for conservation and research of terrestrial vertebrates worldwide. We also evaluated the degree of human disturbance in both types of priority areas by describing the value of the human footprint index within such areas. The spatial concordance between priority conservation and research areas was low: 0.36% of the world's land area. In these areas, we found it would be possible to protect almost half of the currently threatened species and to gather information on nearly 42% of data-deficient (DD) species. We also found that 6199 protected areas worldwide are located in such places, although only 35% of them have strict conservation purposes. Areas of consensus between conservation and research areas represent an opportunity for simultaneously conserving and acquiring knowledge of threatened and DD species of vertebrates. Although the picture is not the most encouraging, joint conservation and research efforts are possible and should be fostered to save vertebrate species from our own ignorance and extinction.     

Effects of amusing memes on concern for unappealing species

There is limited knowledge of the mechanisms that can inspire people's concern and engagement in the protection of unpopular and unappealing species. We analyzed Polish people's interest in themed internet memes featuring the proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) and the consequences of this interest for conservation marketing. We examined Google Trends data, used Google Search, and searched popular media materials to estimate interest in the proboscis monkey in Poland. Photos of the proboscis monkey when presented with humor in internet memes attracted as much interest as usually more popular species (e.g., koala, panda, and orangutan) used in marketing by nongovernmental organizations. Amusing internet memes spread by social media positively correlated with increasing interest in the unappealing species, such as proboscis monkey. Interest in amusing internet memes positively correlated with individuals’ decisions to donate to 6 crowdfunding actions. Thus, conservation marketing that includes amusing memes and social media may provide a worthwhile complement to traditional campaigns and are likely to influence individuals who are unaffected by the usual means.     

Determination of 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water: The benefit of isotope dilution

• Isotope dilution method was developed for the determination of 27 PPCPs in water. • The established method was successfully applied to different types of water samples. • The correction effect of corresponding 27 ILSs over 70 d was investigated. • Benefit of isotopic dilution method was illustrated for three examples. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a unique group of emerging and non-persistent contaminants. In this study, 27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE), and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards (ILSs) were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river, effluent and influent sewage. The corrected recoveries were 73%–122% with the relative standard deviation (RSD)<16%, except for acetaminophen. The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22% and the method quantitation limits (MQLs) were 0.45–8.6 ng/L. The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples. The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days, and the ILSs-corrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences. The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%–140% with the recovery variation<37% in all cases. The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.     

适合于钢铁企业设备检修的安全管理办法

根据钢铁企业设备检修的环境和特点,提出了1套适合于钢铁企业设备检修的安全管理方法--"1165安全管理模式";指出关注并解决设备检修作业过程中的安全问题,是当今企业安全管理的一个重要课题.     

关于水处理工艺中摇蚊幼虫杀灭方法的探讨

摇蚊幼虫是城市给水处理中出现的新问题,对目前现有的研究方法进行了简要的综述.介绍了摇蚊幼虫的生活习性及出现的原因,并在此基础上阐述了现在采用的化学灭杀方法、物理灭杀方法及生物法对净水工艺中摇蚊幼虫的防治,对进一步研究提出建议.     

清江高坝洲津洋口防护区水环境污染治理

介绍了湖北省清江高坝洲津洋口防护区的概况,对津洋口防护区水环境污染现状进行了分析和调查研究,同时得出了防护区的主要污染为工业废水污染.计算了津洋口防护区丹水河的水环境容量,并据此提出水环境污染治理方案.     

Water Network Synthesis Using Mutation-Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization

Different techniques for the synthesis of industrial water reuse/recycle networks have been developed in recent process integration research. These tools range from graphical pinch analysis approaches to mathematical programming models. The latter have the advantage of being flexible enough to incorporate various water network constraints, but in many cases these are often non-linear, thus making the identification of global optima difficult. Recent work has demonstrated the effectiveness of metaheuristic algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), for finding good solutions these problems. This work describes the use of a modified PSO for solving mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) models for water network synthesis. By incorporating a mutation operator for the binary variables in the model, the algorithm is able to escape sub-optimal network topologies and proceed towards better solutions than can be found with ordinary PSO. Two case studies involving water recycle/reuse are used to demonstrate the new design methodology.     

水体中苯胺光降解的实验研究

为了更好地了解苯胺类物质在环境中的化学行为,在自行设计的光化学反应器上进行模拟天然水体的苯胺光降解实验,用气相色谱法测定苯胺的残余质量浓度,考察了水体pH值、光强、反应时间、光敏化剂、水质等条件影响下苯胺的光降解效果和规律.3h内苯胺在3个不同体系中的降解效果从大到小依次是:去离子水模拟天然水体、加入光敏化物质的灭菌河水、未加光敏化物质的灭菌河水.pH值为5.0,Fe2 、过氧化氢、腐殖质存在时苯胺的光降解效果较好.     

人体对空气颗粒物中硼吸收率的初步分析

为了研究人体对空气颗粒物中硼的吸收情况,为环境卫生标准的制定提供依据,采集硼作业工人班后尿液样品、上班8h的空气颗粒物样品以及24h饮食样品,分析了所有样品的硼质量浓度.结果表明:硼作业的原料工段工人班后尿硼肌酐校正质量比与经空气颗粒物潜在日硼摄人量之间没有显著的相关关系,而成品工段工人的班后尿硼肌酐校正质量比与经空气颗粒物潜在日硼摄人量之间存在着显著的正相关关系;对吸收率的分析表明,人体对空气颗粒物中以硼镁矿形态存在的硼吸收率仅为8.12%,而对以硼酸或者硼砂形态存在的硼吸收率约为74.2%,说明空气颗粒物中以硼镁矿形态存在的硼不容易进入人体血液,被人体吸收,而硼酸或者硼砂尘较易被人体吸收.