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951.
Urban sprawl is a major issue for sustainable development. It represents a significant contribution to energy consumption of a territory especially due to transportation requirements. However, transport energy consumption is rarely taken into account when the sustainability of suburban structures is studied. In this context, the paper presents a method to estimate transport energy consumption in residential suburban areas. The study aimed, on this basis, at highlighting the most efficient strategies needed to promote awareness and to give practical hints on how to reduce transport energy consumption linked to urban sprawl in existing and future suburban neighborhoods. The method uses data collected by using empirical surveys and GIS. An application of this method is presented concerning the comparison of four suburban districts located in Belgium to demonstrate the advantages of the approach. The influence of several parameters, such as distance to work places and services, use of public transport and performance of the vehicles, are then discussed to allow a range of different development situations to be explored. The results of the case studies highlight that traveled distances, and thus a good mix between activities at the living area scale, are of primordial importance for the energy performance, whereas means of transport used is only of little impact. Improving the performance of the vehicles and favoring home-work give also significant energy savings. The method can be used when planning new areas or retrofitting existing ones, as well as promoting more sustainable lifestyles regarding transport habits. 相似文献
952.
Mirko S. Winkler Mark J. Divall Mohamed L. Magassouba 《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》2012,33(1):15-22
The quantitative assessment of health impacts has been identified as a crucial feature for realising the full potential of health impact assessment (HIA). In settings where demographic and health data are notoriously scarce, but there is a broad range of ascertainable ecological, environmental, epidemiological and socioeconomic information, a diverse toolkit of data collection strategies becomes relevant for the mainly small-area impacts of interest. We present a modular, cross-sectional baseline health survey study design, which has been developed for HIA of industrial development projects in the humid tropics. The modular nature of our toolkit allows our methodology to be readily adapted to the prevailing eco-epidemiological characteristics of a given project setting. Central to our design is a broad set of key performance indicators, covering a multiplicity of health outcomes and determinants at different levels and scales. We present experience and key findings from our modular baseline health survey methodology employed in 14 selected sentinel sites within an iron ore mining project in the Republic of Guinea. We argue that our methodology is a generic example of rapid evidence assembly in difficult-to-reach localities, where improvement of the predictive validity of the assessment and establishment of a benchmark for longitudinal monitoring of project impacts and mitigation efforts is needed. 相似文献
953.
John MorrisseyAuthor Vitae Usha Iyer-RanigaAuthor VitaeAnthony MillsAuthor Vitae 《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》2012,33(1):55-65
Actors in the built environment are progressively considering environmental and social issues alongside functional and economic aspects of development projects. Infrastructure projects represent major investment and construction initiatives with attendant environmental, economic and societal impacts across multiple scales. To date, while sustainability strategies and frameworks have focused on wider national aspirations and strategic objectives, they are noticeably weak in addressing micro-level integrated decision making in the built environment, particularly for infrastructure projects. The proposed approach of this paper is based on the principal that early intervention is the most cost-effective and efficient means of mitigating the environmental effects of development projects, particularly macro infrastructure developments. A strategic overview of the various project alternatives, taking account for stakeholder and expert input, could effectively reduce project impacts/risks at low cost to the project developers but provide significant benefit to wider communities, including communities of future stakeholders. This paper is the first exploratory step in developing a more systematic framework for evaluating strategic alternatives for major metropolitan infrastructure projects, based on key sustainability principles. The developed Strategic Project Appraisal (SPA) framework, grounded in the theory of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), provides a means of practically appraising project impacts and alternatives in terms of quantified ecological limits; addresses the neglected topic of metropolitan infrastructure as a means of delivering sustainability outcomes in the urban context and more broadly, seeks to open a debate on the potential for SEA methodology to be more extensively applied to address sustainability challenges in the built environment. Practically applied and timed appropriately, the SPA framework can enable better decision-making and more efficient resource allocation ensuring low impact infrastructure development. 相似文献
954.
955.
介绍了国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项"基于质谱技术的全组分痕量重金属分析仪器开发和应用示范"项目在电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)研发、低温等离子体样品引入ICP-MS联用系统、ICP-MS监测汞的采样与预处理等方面的研究进展,并对ICP-MS应用发展及产业化前景进行了展望。 相似文献
956.
中国流域水环境生物监测体系构成和发展 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
分析了国外水环境生物监测体系的构成和特点;总结了中国生物监测的发展历程、基础、存在问题和发展需求;提出了体系发展的总体发展目标,即以流域为单元,以各级支流为监测区段,发展以实现流域水环境生态完整性评价为目的的综合监测体系;同时,着重介绍了重点发展内容:建立以市级站为核心的监测网络;建立包含4个板块的核心业务监测能力;开展生物监测业务标准化建设;进一步完善水环境质量评价报告。对全国监测系统生物监测体系的构成和发展提出建议:在总体发展目标指导下,完成构建水环境生物监测技术体系、构建全国水环境生物监测网络体系、建立数据管理与评价平台及建立运行保障体系4个分目标,实现中国环境管理以"污染防治"为重点到以"生态健康"为目的的转折。 相似文献
957.
Claudia Pahl-Wostl Christoph Schlumpf Martin Büssenschütt Andreas Schönborn Jan Burse 《Integrated Assessment》2000,1(4):267-280
Within the CLEAR project a new approach to integrated assessment modelling has been developed for the participatory integrated
assessment of regional climate change involving citizens' focus groups. The climate change decision problem was structured
by focusing separately on climate impacts and mitigation options. The attempt was made to link the different scales of the
problem from the individual to the global level. The abstract topic of climate change was related to options on the level
of a citizen's individual lifestyle. The option of a low energy society was emphasised in order to embed the climate change
decision problem in a wider range of societal concerns. Special emphasis was given to the characterisation and communication
of uncertainties. The chosen approach allows different kinds of uncertainties in one framework to be addressed. The paper
concludes with a summary of the experience made, and recommendations for the use of models in participatory integrated assessments.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
958.
959.
Disturbance by military maneuvers over short and long time scales may have differential effects on grassland communities.
We assessed small mammals as indicators of disturbance by military maneuvers in a mixed prairie in southern Oklahoma USA.
We examined sites on two soil series, Foard and Lawton, across a gradient of disturbance intensity. A MANOVA showed that abundance
of small mammals was associated (p = 0.03) with short-term (cover of vehicle tracks) disturbance but was not associated (p = 0.12) with long-term (loss of soil organic carbon, SOC) disturbance intensity. At the individual species level, Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) and Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) occurred across all levels of disturbance and in both soil types. Only P. maniculatus abundance changed (p < 0.01) with short-term disturbance and increased by about one individual per 5% of additional track-cover. Abundance of
P. maniculatus also increased (p = 0.04) by about three individuals per 1% increase in soil carbon. Chaetodipus hispidus (hispid pocket mouse) and Reithrodontomys fulvescens (fulvous harvest mouse) only occurred in single soil types limiting their potential as more general indicators. Abundance
of P. maniculatus was positively related to shifts in plant species composition and likely reflected changes in vegetation structure (i.e.
litter depth) and forage availability resulting from disturbance. Peromyscus maniculatus may be a useful biological indicator of ecosystem change because it responded predictably to both long-term and short-term
disturbance and, when coupled with soil, plant, and disturbance history variables, can reveal land condition trends. 相似文献
960.
Schaefer CE do Amaral EF de Mendonça BA Oliveira H Lani JL Costa LM Fernandes Filho EI 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,140(1-3):279-289
The relationships between soils attributes, soil carbon stocks and vegetation carbon stocks are poorly know in Amazonia, even
at regional scale. In this paper, we used the large and reliable soil database from Western Amazonia obtained from the RADAMBRASIL
project and recent estimates of vegetation biomass to investigate some environmental relationships, quantifying C stocks of
intact ecosystem in Western Amazonia. The results allowed separating the western Amazonia into 6 sectors, called pedo-zones:
Roraima, Rio Negro Basin, Tertiary Plateaux of the Amazon, Javari-Juruá-Purus lowland, Acre Basin and Rondonia uplands. The
highest C stock for the whole soil is observed in the Acre and in the Rio Negro sectors. In the former, this is due to the
high nutrient status and high clay activity, whereas in the latter, it is attributed to a downward carbon movement attributed
to widespread podzolization and arenization, forming spodic horizons. The youthful nature of shallow soils of the Javari-Juruá-Purus
lowlands, associated with high Al, results in a high phytomass C/soil C ratio. A similar trend was observed for the shallow
soils from the Roraima and Rondonia highlands. A consistent east–west decline in biomass carbon in the Rio Negro Basin sector
is associated with increasing rainfall and higher sand amounts. It is related to lesser C protection and greater C loss of
sandy soils, subjected to active chemical leaching and widespread podzolization. Also, these soils possess lower cation exchangeable
capacity and lower water retention capacity. Zones where deeply weathered Latosols dominate have a overall pattern of high
C sequestration, and greater than the shallower soils from the upper Amazon, west of Madeira and Negro rivers. This was attributed
to deeper incorporation of carbon in these clayey and highly pedo-bioturbated soils. The results highlight the urgent need
for refining soil data at an appropriate scale for C stocks calculations purposes in Amazonia. There is a risk of misinterpreting
C stocks in Amazonia when such great pedological variability is not taken into account. 相似文献