PCR-RFLP技术在环境地球化学研究中的应用及展望

PCR—RFLP技术为环境地球化学提供了一种新的研究方法和实验设计的新的思维方式。该方法具有所需样品量低、快速简便及特征性强等优点 ,可广泛应用于物质的生物地球化学循环、环境过程的生物作用、生物多样性及有机物源判断等方面的研究。利用PCR—RFLP技术 ,以环境中存在的 16SrRNA为对象 ,对环境生物的研究已广泛开展并取得了许多成果。展望未来研究成果 ,将会在海洋及湖泊沉积物等自然环境中发现更多的、新的微生物种类 ;将进一步阐明生物作用和物质循环的机理和过程 ;进一步阐明自然环境中生物大分子的变化机理及其环境效应并找到判断沉积物有机物源的新方法     

城市污水厂污泥低温热解动力学模型研究

依据对城市污水厂污泥低温热化学转化（热解）反应机理研究的结果，提出污泥热解反应的二级串联竞争反应模型。由非等温（恒速升温）和拟等温污泥T GA实验数据支持，对反应模式导出的动力学模型进行了参数估值。模型可对相关反应器的发展提供支持。     

盐城凹陷凝析油地球化学特征

运用碳同位素、气相色谱、色谱 质谱、流体包裹体技术 ,研究了盐城凹陷凝析油地球化学特征 ,并与永安凹陷永 7井凝析油、下扬子海相原油进行了对比。该凝析油碳同位素为 -2 8 8‰～ 3 0 5‰ ,全油色谱中含有一定的长链正构烷烃 ,Pr/Ph为 1 5 6,三环萜烷含量高 ,伽玛蜡烷含量低 ,重排甾烷含量高 ,C2 9甾烷 >>C2 7甾烷 >C2 8甾烷。石蜡指数、庚烷值表明原油为高成熟凝析油 ,甲基菲指数MPI表明原油为未熟—低熟原油 ,C2 9甾烷 2 0S/ (2 0S+2 0R)值表明原油为成熟原油。这种成熟度的差异可能与不同成熟度原油的混合作用有关。油气主要充注时间为 6～ 1 5Ma。凝析油的主体可能源于泰州组烃源岩 ,凝析油的形成与蒸发分馏作用密不可分     

粤东花岗岩类地球化学特征及成因探讨

粤东花岗岩类的SiO_2、K_2O及ALK值偏高,Al_2O_3、Fe_2_O_3、FeO及MgO偏低,ANKC值、Na/K比及CaO、Na_2O含量介于华南改造型花岗岩和同熔型花岗岩之间;负铕异常明显,轻稀土显著富集,中稀土(Tb—Tm)略有亏损;铅同位素高于地幔铅和下地壳铅同位素组成,略低于华南中生代上地壳铅同位素组成;锶、氧同位素具正相关关系,不相容元素比与其他元素间无相关关系。其岩浆起源于上、下地壳间的过渡带,该过渡带由上地壳物质及侵入其中的幔源物质组成,岩浆上升定位过程中,未发生过明显的分异结晶一同化作用。     

南海现代珊瑚骨骼中放射性核素特征指纹

利用地表实验室高纯锗γ谱仪、中国锦屏极深地下实验室高纯锗γ谱仪、低本底β计数器系统测定我国南海1500km空间跨度上10个不同站位、5种不同种类和形状的现代珊瑚骨骼中6种最主要的天然放射性核素（²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra、²²⁸Ra、⁴⁰K）和人工放射性核素（¹³⁷Cs和⁹⁰Sr）的含量，获得现代珊瑚骨骼中放射性核素平均活度排序为²³⁸U（29.94Bq/kg） > ⁴⁰K（11.72Bq/kg） > ²²⁸Ra（6.37Bq/kg） > ²²⁶Ra（3.16Bq/kg） > ⁹⁰Sr（1.21Bq/kg） > ¹³⁷Cs（<0.06Bq/kg）.除了岸礁的珊瑚骨骼中²²⁸Ra活度高于环礁的珊瑚骨骼中²²⁸Ra活度的现象外，不同种类、不同离岸距离的珊瑚骨骼之间的同种放射性核素活度没有显著差异.本研究进一步对比珊瑚骨骼、珊瑚礁区沉积物、非珊瑚礁区的海洋沉积物、全球土壤的放射性核素活度含量，阐明珊瑚礁区是地表罕见的极低放射性水平区域，并指出现代珊瑚骨骼具有极低的²²⁶Ra/²³⁸U活度比值（~0.1）和极高的⁹⁰Sr/¹³⁷Cs活度比值（1000）的指纹特征.     

不同构造环境中双峰式火山岩的地球化学特征

近年来的研究表明 ,双峰式火山岩套可以形成于大陆裂谷、洋内岛弧、活动大陆边缘、弧后盆地等多种环境。Sm -Nd同位素与不活动微量元素 (REE ,Zr ,Ti,Th ,Nb等 )相结合 ,进行综合研究 ,可帮助判断双峰式火山岩套成因和形成环境。本文总结了不同环境产出的双峰式火山岩组合的岩石学和微量元素、稀土元素、同位素地球化学特征 ,并根据对北祁连边马沟双峰式火山岩研究提出了其形成环境可能为岛弧环境 ,这一认识对探讨该地区造山带演化的地球动力学具有一定的意义 ,对在该地区的找矿工作也有一定的启发。     

Comparison of surface water chemistry and weathering effects of two lake basins in the Changtang Nature Reserve, China

The geochemistry of natural waters in the Changtang Nature Reserve,northern Tibet,can help us understand the geology of catchments,and provide additional insight in surface processes that influence water chemistry such as rock weathering on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.However,severe natural conditions are responsible for a lack of scientific data for this area.This study represents the first investigation of the chemical composition of surface waters and weathering effects in two lake basins in the reserve(Lake Dogaicoring Qiangco and Lake Longwei Co).The results indicate that total dissolved solids(TDS)in the two lakes are significantly higher than in other gauged lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,reaching 20–40 g/L,and that TDS of the tectonic lake(Lake Dogaicoring Qiangco)is significantly higher than that of the barrier lake(Lake Longwei Co).Na+and Cl-are the dominant ions in the lake waters as well as in the glacier-fed lake inflows,with chemical compositions mainly affected by halite weathering.In contrast,ion contents of inflowing rivers fed by nearby runoff are lower and concentrations of dominant ions are not significant.Evaporite,silicate,and carbonate weathering has relatively equal effects on these rivers.Due to their limited scope,small streams near the lakes are less affected by carbonate than by silicate weathering.     

基于多元统计分析的辽东湾沉积物痕量金属地球化学特征

为研究辽东湾表层沉积物中痕量金属的地球化学特征和可能产生的生物效应,于2015年在辽东湾设置38个采样点,采集表层沉积物样品,测定其中13种痕量金属污染物的含量,并采用多元统计分析法对其地球化学特征进行研究. 结果表明:辽东湾表层沉积物中w(Al)、w(V)、w(Cr)、w(Mn)、w(Fe)、w(Co)、w(Ni)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(As)、w(Cd)、w(Ba)和w(Pb)平均值分别为55 726.95、76.21、35.59、852.85、30 482.16、11.98、27.88、21.60、76.53、9.16、0.17、396.78和21.72 mg/kg;其中w(Al)最高,占63.51%;w(Fe)其次,占34.74%. 多元统计分析结果表明,痕量金属受氧化还原环境影响强烈,V、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd在沉积物的氧化还原循环中易被Fe氧化物吸附,与Fe氧化物产生共生关系. Ba与Pb存在共生关系,具有相似的物质来源和地球化学特征;Mn是海洋沉积物中主要化学成分;Cr一般和沉积物中的陆地碎屑相结合. 生态效应浓度评价表明,Ni和As偶尔会产生不利的生物效应,产生几率分别为97%和63%;Ni、As、Cu、Pb和Cr长期暴露会产生毒性效应,产生几率分别为100%、94%、74%、6%和3%,Zn和Cd不会产生毒性效应. 根据对生物产生负面效应和毒性效应的概率,痕量金属污染程度的排序为Ni＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn=Cd.      

A Geochemical and Biological Basis for Marine Sediment Quality Guidelines

This document describes a basis for the establishment of marine sediment quality guidelines for regulatory applications. It outlines a geochemical basis for identifying potential anomalies in the presence of inorganic contaminants in marine sediments and a biological or ecotoxicological basis for determining concentrations unlikely to result in adverse biological effects. These approaches are discussed in an exploratory fashion. It is intended that both approaches could be combined in a manner that takes account of sedimentary nature and composition as a conceptual and practical approach to the establishment of guidelines for regulatory applications associated with the protection of the marine environment.     

Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury in surface soils, Pueblo, Colorado: implications for population health risk

Decades of intensive industrial and agricultural practices as well as rapid urbanization have left communities like Pueblo, Colorado facing potential health threats from pollution of its soils, air, water and food supply. To address such concerns about environmental contamination, we conducted an urban geochemical study of the city of Pueblo to offer insights into the potential chemical hazards in soil and inform priorities for future health studies and population interventions aimed at reducing exposures to inorganic substances. The current study characterizes the environmental landscape of Pueblo in terms of heavy metals, and relates this to population distributions. Soil was sampled within the city along transects and analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb). We also profiled Pueblo’s communities in terms of their socioeconomic status and demographics. ArcGIS 9.0 was used to perform exploratory spatial data analysis and generate community profiles and prediction maps. The topsoil in Pueblo contains more As, Cd, Hg and Pb than national soil averages, although average Hg content in Pueblo was within reported baseline ranges. The highest levels of As concentrations ranged between 56.6 and 66.5 ppm. Lead concentrations exceeded 300 ppm in several of Pueblo’s residential communities. Elevated levels of lead are concentrated in low-income Hispanic and African-American communities. Areas of excessively high Cd concentration exist around Pueblo, including low income and minority communities, raising additional health and environmental justice concerns. Although the distribution patterns vary by element and may reflect both industrial and non-industrial sources, the study confirms that there is environmental contamination around Pueblo and underscores the need for a comprehensive public health approach to address environmental threats in urban communities.