GSM移动通信基站对周围环境电磁辐射影响

按照《辐射环境保护管理导则—电磁辐射环境影响评价方法与标准》（HJ/T10.3—1996）的有关规定,GSM移动通信基站电场强度的管理目标值为5.4 V/m,功率密度的管理目标值为8μW/cm2。在根据麦克斯韦电磁场理论确定远场区范围,结合基站天线运行的基本参数,以及在对垂直波瓣图进行拟合的基础上,通过《辐射环境保护管理导则——电磁辐射监测仪器和方法》（HJ/T 10.2-1996）中的微波远场轴向功率密度计算公式计算GSM移动通信基站对周围环境的辐射水平进行预测。预测结果表明,基站周围的电磁辐射水平与天线的发射功率、公众活动区域与天线的高度差以及天线的主瓣方向关系密切。实际应用中可以通过减小发射功率,增加天线与公众活动区域的高度差以及调整天线的主瓣方向等措施来降低其对周围环境的影响,并通过制定有效的监测、管理计划和加强公众沟通,及时消除可能的电磁污染。     

低温热解对有机肥中抗生素及抗性基因的消减研究

为研究低温热解作用下有机肥中抗生素和抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)的消减规律,利用高分辨液相色谱-串联质谱技术和荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Real-time PCR)技术分别测定热解前后有机肥中抗生素和ARGs含量。结果发现,80~250 ℃低温热解后抗生素总量降低,去除率在11.63%~47.32%之间。热解温度与抗生素熔点对有机肥中抗生素去除影响显著：热解温度越高,对抗生素的去除效果越好;抗生素熔点越低,去除越彻底。80~250 ℃低温热解对ARGs丰度和水平转移有强烈抑制作用。温度升高,对ARGs的去除效果不断增强,去除率最高可达99%;可移动元件平均去除率高达90%,在250 ℃下,几乎被完全去除;大肠杆菌指示基因uida在各个温度下的平均去除率均达到99%以上。添加硅藻土和沸石与单一有机肥相比,在80~150 ℃对抗生素和ARGs的去除分别发挥促进和抑制作用;在250 ℃显著抑制了抗生素的去除。本研究揭示了不同热解温度对抗生素和ARGs的影响,为有机肥中抗生素和ARGs的低温热解阻控技术提供理论依据。     

东海海面太阳辐射近60 a的变化与赤潮的关系

为了在年代尺度上分析太阳辐射与海洋赤潮之间的关系,利用NCEP再分析资料分析了东海海面太阳总辐射通量近60 a的变化特征.结果表明,近60 a来,东海北部海域海面太阳总辐射通量平均在198 W/m2左右,海面太阳总辐射通量以20 a左右的周期在波动中逐渐升高,自20世纪50年代末的谷期至今,年均上升率在0.5 W/m2·a左右,升幅在11%左右.而且进入21世纪后升幅尤为显著,与东海赤潮规模在此间的增加趋势一致.由于为赤潮藻提供生长所需的光照,太阳辐射的增加可能是导致东海赤潮发生次数和面积增加的原因之一,这对海洋赤潮预报和防治工作具有科学参考价值.     

Modelling radiative balance in a row-crop canopy: Row-soil surface net radiation partition

Row crops like vineyards undergo various and significant manipulations of training system and cultural practices, which strongly influence the quality of products. Variations of water vapour fluxes from the soil surface and the leaves in the row volume are closely linked to the ratio of energy available to each compartment. A physically realistic model of available energy partition between the rows and the soil surface is therefore a key factor towards optimization of such systems, and must be included in canopy models. A number of available models were not directly validated. The purpose of the study was therefore to design a model of net radiation partition and check it directly.The model of net radiation partition between rows (Rnv), considered as a whole, and intervening soil surface (Rns) of a row-crop canopy was developed from physically realistic yet simple assumptions:

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global solar (short wave) radiation partition was calculated by a previously validated geometric model;

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long-wave radiative fluxes between the soil surface, the rows and the atmosphere were calculated from the corresponding view factors, which only depended on canopy geometry;

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atmospheric radiation was estimated by a simple empirical relation based on air temperature as the only input variable;

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air temperature in the vicinity of leaves replaced leaf surface temperatures as a more convenient input variable, with little loss of information.

The input variables were incoming direct and diffuse solar radiation, soil surface mean temperature and air temperature near the leaves. The main parameters were soil and leaf albedos, row porosity and dimensions.A direct validation of the model was attempted by measuring net radiation above the canopy and at five positions above the soil surface in a vineyard of the Bordeaux area. The reliability of soil surface net radiation measurements was estimated by thorough error propagation analysis. When found significant, errors were corrected and finally soil surface net radiation data were corrected only for delay in direct downward solar radiation striking net radiometers, because canopy was discontinuous and height of net radiometers was not negligible compared to canopy height.In these conditions, model calculations were in agreement with measurements, although the model slightly underestimated Rns and therefore overestimated Rnv. As the mean error was about 20 W m⁻², and therefore compatible with instrument accuracy, the results were considered satisfactory.This available energy partition model is able to estimate radiative balance in various canopy systems and in various thermal environment conditions, leading to easier simulations of energy balance and water fluxes. It could therefore be a useful tool for optimizing row-crop canopies, taking fully into account any kind of present or future thermal environment.     

上海城区和临安本底站PM_(2.5)的物化特征及来源解析

2008年4月在上海城区(徐家汇)和浙江临安大气污染本底站2个地区同步采集PM2.5样品,利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM/EDS)和同步辐射相关技术对两地PM2.5的微观形貌、化学元素组成及来源,以及重金属元素Zn的价态进行了分析.结果表明,徐家汇、临安的PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为(131.6±65.2),(83.5±22.9)μg/m3.徐家汇地区PM2.5主要由烟尘、飞灰、矿物质等组成;临安地区PM2.5中主要为不规则形貌颗粒物.上海城区PM2.5中重金属元素的浓度明显高于临安地区样品.同步辐射X射线吸收近边结构谱的结果显示,两地PM2.5中的Zn元素都以ZnSO4为主要存在形式.富集因子法分析19种元素中,除K、Ca外,其他元素在PM2.5中富集程度上海均高于临安地区.     

USY负载MnOx催崔化剂NH3选择还原NOx性能的研究

采用USY分子筛为载体制备MnOx催化剂,考察了制备方法、前躯体、焙烧温度、催化组分负载量不同的情况下NH3选择催化还原NOx的能力,同时考察了添加Fe和Ce对Mn/USY催化剂脱硝性能的影响.结果表明,采用浸渍法负载10％的醋酸锰并在500℃下焙烧所制得的催化剂,在80～320℃范围内具有很高的催化活性;Fe、Ce的...     

急性毒性藻红外测试中联合作用评价法的重现性

为认识藻红外联合作用评价法的稳定性,用苯(C6H6)、甲苯(C6H8)、二甲苯(C8H10)、氯苯(C6H5Cl)、三氯甲烷(CHCl3)和羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)进行了重现性实验,通过测试实验藻对5种药品不同组合的响应温差,用联合偏差系数法评价联合作用类型,分析药品联合毒性的重现性及联合作用评价法的评价效果。结果表明:二元组合中,重现性50%的5组,重现性75%的5组,平均重现性62.5%;三元组合中,重现性50%的1组,重现性75%的8组,重现性100%的1组,平均重现性75%;四元组合中,重现性50%的1组,重现性75%的1组,重现性100%的3组,平均重现性85%;五元组合重现性100%,混合药品总平均重现性73.1%。重现性大于阈值的组合19个,占全部26个组合的73.1%。药品组合元数增减与联合作用的重现性正相关。分析可知,藻红外联合作用评价法用于联合作用分析稳定性较好。     

Remote sensing: Using the spatial domain

Objects in the terrestrial environment interact differentially with electromagnetic radiation according to their essential physical, chemical and biological properties. This differential interaction is manifest as variability in scattered radiation according to wavelength, location, time, geometries of illumination and observation and polarization. If the population of scattered radiation could be measured, then estimation of these essential properties would be straightforward. The only problem would be linking such estimates to environmental variables of interest. This review paper is divided into three parts. Part 1 is an overview of the attempts that have been made to sample the five domains of scattered radiation (spectral, spatial, temporal, geometrical, polarization) and then to use the results of this sampling to estimate environmental variables of interest. Part one highlights three issues: first, that relationships between remotely sensed data and environmental variables of interest are indirect; second, our ability to estimate these environmental variables is dependent upon our ability to capture a sound representation of variability in scattered radiation and third, a considerable portion of the useful information in remotely sensed images resides in the spatial domain (within the relations between the pixels in the image). This final point is developed in Part 2 that explores ways in which the spatial domain is utilized to describe spatial variation in remotely sensed and ground data; to design optimum sampling schemes for image data and ground data and to increase the accuracy with which remotely sensed data can be used to estimate both discontinuous and continuous variables. Part 3 outlines two specific uses of information in the spatial domain; first, to select an optimum spatial resolution and second, to inform an image classification.     

我国太阳总辐射气候学计算方法研究

目前太阳辐射主要通过计算获得,因此建立太阳辐射的气候学计算方法十分必要。论文利用中国54个站1961—2000年的逐日太阳总辐射和日照百分率资料,分别以天文辐射、晴天太阳辐射和理想大气太阳辐射作为三种起始值建立了各站的太阳辐射回归方程,并对其经验系数进行聚类分析,分为东部和西部两个地区。然后利用54个站1961—1990年的资料建立了3种起始值情况下,东部、西部地区和全国统一的太阳总辐射计算公式。最后利用这些站1991—2000年的观测资料对所建立的公式进行了检验。结果表明:无论是利用分区还是全国统一公式都是以天文辐射为起始值时计算结果好,其中分区公式比全国统一公式的计算结果精度略高,但差别不大。全国54个站以天文辐射为起始值的分区公式相对误差变化于2.67%~19.30%,平均为7.79%。全国统一公式的相对误差变化于3.33%~18.75%,平均为8.39%。从模拟结果的地区差异看,无论采用何种起始值,都是西部地区模拟误差小于东部地区,这与西部地区干燥、空气湿度小有密切关系。与其他研究结果相比,论文所建立的各种公式模拟结果较好,这是由于采用的资料序列长、站点多。考虑到计算天文辐射所需参数容易获得,因此建议实际应用时,采用以天文辐射为起始值的全国统一公式。