汽车通风盖板发白现象的大数据分析

目的 以某型汽车自然曝露试验过程中通风盖板老化发白现象为例,研究建立影响汽车零部件自然老化的主要环境因素综合作用计算模型.方法 以试验大数据库为基础,利用互信息理论分析方法,确定影响汽车通风盖板发白的主要环境因素,并推导主要环境因素综合作用计算模型.结果 基于不同地区试验过程中每5 min记录1次的汽车通风盖板表面太阳辐照量和温度数据,精确计算了通风盖板出现发白现象的环境综合作用值.计算结果表明,当光热等效辐照值大于1882.8 J/cm2时,该通风盖板就会出现发白现象.结论 依据汽车外饰塑料件在典型地区的自然暴露试验结果,通过该模型可以预估其他地区的服役寿命.     

城市晴日太阳辐射的空间变化

１９９１年在济南市进行了两次太阳辐射强度的流动观测。对观测资料的分析表明，不仅市区的太阳辐射强度明显小于郊区，而且处于下风向的近郊区的太阳辐射强度也明显小于上风向郊区；市区内不同功能区的太阳辐射减弱程度不同，以工业区减弱最甚；太阳辐射强度的空间变化形式与城市功能区的布局密切相关。     

干旱区黑碳沉降积雪反照率及雪粒径模拟研究

在以往研究基础上,利用单点实测数据驱动雪、冰及气溶胶辐射（SNICAR）区域物理模型,将微观数据与遥感的宏观技术相结合对积雪反照率与雪粒径进行数值模拟及反演.研究表明：积雪反照率会随着太阳天顶角的增大而增加,且在近红外波段的影响更加明显;在不同雪粒径、黑炭浓度下,积雪反照率都随着雪粒径、黑炭浓度的增大而减小,且颗粒越小的雪粒,粒径的减小对反照率的影响更为明显,而黑炭主要是对可见光波段有显著作用;利用SNICAR模型与MODIS数据反演北疆地区雪粒径,其精度可达0.749,实现了单点雪粒径向面状雪粒径的尺度转换.本研究揭示了干旱区季节性积雪中,气溶胶粒子存在情况下的积雪反照率连续变化特征,有效提高了积雪中雪粒径的反演精度,为积雪中气溶胶粒子对气候产生的辐射胁迫模拟提供了技术支持.     

The adsorption behavior of metals in aqueous solution by microplastics effected by UV radiation

Microplastics are considered as the carrier to heavy metals in the environment. But the sorption ability of microplastics influenced by photo-aging is remaining unclear. In the present study, the sorption of two kinds of metal ions (Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺) in the aqueous solution by both the virgin and aged microplastics was investigated. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) debris, one of the typical kinds of microplastics was chosen in this study. Photo-aging of microplastics in environment was simulated using UV radiation in the laboratory. Date analysis indicated that the aged microplastics had higher adsorption capacity of heavy metals than original ones. This could be related to the increased surface area and oxygen containing function appeared in the surface of aged microplastics after UV radiation. When prolonging the time of radiation, the enhanced adsorption capacities of microplastics appeared for Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺. These results showed a great interaction between the aging degree of plastics and sorption capacity to heavy metals. Meanwhile, external conditions including temperature and pH value were also showed great influence to the adsorption behavior.     

Using X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual particle surface area, volume, and morphology towards investigating atmospheric heterogeneous reactions

Heterogeneous reactions on the aerosol particle surface in the atmosphere play important roles in air pollution, climate change, and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the reported uptake coefficients of heterogeneous reactions usually have large variations and may not be relevant to real atmospheric conditions. One of the major reasons for this is the use of bulk samples in laboratory experiments, while particles in the atmosphere are suspended individually. A number of technologies have been developed recently to study heterogeneous reactions on the surfaces of individual particles. Precise measurements on the reactive surface area, volume, and morphology of individual particles are necessary for calculating the uptake coefficient, quantifying reactants and products, and understanding the reaction mechanism better. In this study, for the first time we used synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography(XCT) and micro-Raman spectrometry to measure individual CaCO_3 particle morphology, with sizes ranging from 3.5–6.5 μm. Particle surface area and volume were calculated using a reconstruction method based on software threedimensional(3-D) rendering. The XCT was first validated with high-resolution fieldemission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) to acquire accurate CaCO_3 particle surface area and volume estimates. Our results showed an average difference of only 6.1% in surface area and 3.2% in volume measured either by micro-Raman spectrometry or X-ray tomography. X-ray tomography and FE-SEM can provide more morphological details of individual Ca CO3 particles than micro-Raman spectrometry. This study demonstrated that X-ray computed tomography and micro-Raman spectrometry can precisely measure the surface area, volume, and morphology of an individual particle.     

电磁辐射对人体的伤害及预防

随着各种电磁辐射源的广泛使用，电磁辐射对人体健康的影响已经引起人们的普遍关注。介绍了电磁辐射对人体伤害的机理及其预防措施，并着重就移动电话的相关问题作了讨论。     

防静电、防射频阻隔材料的研制

介绍了研制引信，火工品等多功能软包装材料的重要意义和总体方案设计，讨论了实现的静电、防射频和防潮等功能的设计思想，进行了试验验证并测试了样品的主要性能参数，讨论了该技术方案的可行性和应用前景。     

油田放射性测井对环境和个人辐射剂量分析

放射性测井对环境和个人辐射剂量监测数据表明:个人受辐射伤害最大的是保管员,其次是仪器修理人员,然后是农民轮换工、司机、绞车工、操作工、主管领导、井口工人。保管员、仪器修理工、司机遭受辐射的剂量比较大,而在一线现场操作人员的个人辐射剂量水平反而都比较低,说明现场的个人防护措施得当。经过分析,确定了放射性测井施工中各岗位的安全操作时间,并针对个人防护存在的问题,提出了相应的改进措施和建议。     

中波广播电台的电磁辐射环境影响分析

文章引入电磁辐射源固有危险性评价的指数法评判模型,进行了中波广播电台的固有危险性评价。探讨了中波天线周围电场强度的理论计算、分布规律以及电磁污染可能范围,并进行了现场监测。结果表明:中波广播电台天线电场强度值,在近距离区域随距离的增加而迅速衰减,当距离进一步增大时,场强值继续衰减,但衰减速度越来越缓慢;磁场强度随距离的增加而降低,但相对与电场强度衰减的幅度较慢。当中波广播电台功率比较低时,其电场强度和磁场强度在20 m以外均能符合国家标准限值规定,对周围环境影响较小。     

上海世博会辐射风险评估研究

采用历史数据分析、专家咨询和经验分析的方法相结合的方法,参考澳大利亚/新西兰风险管理标准(Risk Management,AS/NZS4360:1999)中的风险评价指数矩阵,对上海世博会辐射风险因素的识别和分析,得出上海世博会最严重的辐射风险是含源探伤设备、废弃放射源和含源装置的丢失被盗的结论,并提出了相应的辐射风险...