现代生活要认识和防范电磁辐射——以一些新信息为例

社会在发展,生活水平和人们的追求也在不断地提高,绿色发展、和谐发展与科学发展,人的健康与提升生活品质都是第一要素.人们身边的电磁辐射内容是“百花齐放”,电磁辐射环境“丰富多彩”;电磁辐射无声地时刻伴随着人们.研究显示,过量、过度地电磁辐射会负影响人们的器官、肌体等.现代生活、工作中光生物安全是一很现实的问题,提升健康水平与生活幸福度,大家当增大对光安全的认知度,并增加、丰富电磁辐射及其防范之常识.参13.     

基于同步辐射的硬X射线荧光技术分析污染土壤中重金属分布

基于同步辐射技术的微束X射线荧光(μ-XRF)分析具备原位分析样品的元素组分,化学特性,物质结构及其二维分布等的能力,可更加直观地揭示目标元素在复杂体系中的分布状态.利用传统的化学消解与原位μ-XRF技术相结合的方法,探测锡矿山土壤中多种元素的含量和空间分布,采用线性回归方法分析各元素的相关性.结果表明,供试土壤Sb和As含量较高,分别为6 681和878 mg·kg-1,μ-XRF分析表明土壤中Fe、Mn分别与As的空间分布相关性较好,决定系数(R2)分别达0.225 8和0.181 1,更直观地揭示了As在土壤中以铁锰结合态为主.μ-XRF技术的应用原位直观地揭示了土壤中多种元素的分布关系,为综合评价和预测土壤中重金属的环境行为以及发展污染土壤修复技术等提供理论支持.     

Effects of UV-B radiation on the gills of Catla catla during early development

Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of gills of Catla catla catla (17-day-old) exposed to UV-B radiation (145?µW?cm^?2 at the water surface) for three different exposure times: 5, 10 and 15?min was conducted. Fish without UV-B exposure served as control. UV-B radiation damaged both gill filaments and lamellae. The intensity of damage was minimal in 5?min exposed fish, followed by 10?min exposed fish and maximal in 15?min. The gill epithelium was severely damaged in 15?min irradiated fish compared to control. Pavement cells (PVCs) were damaged and the numbers of microridges within PVCs decreased. The deep boundary of PVC was not clear. In some area of gill epithelium, PVCs were destroyed and mitochondrion-rich cells (MRCs) were exposed. The 5?min exposure reduced the number of microridges in the PVCs, but the boundary of PVCs was still visible. MRCs in the gill epithelium were not exposed in 5?min exposed fish. The damage to PVCs and subsequent exposure of MRCs in UV-B irradiated fish may hamper respiratory functions and disturb osmoregulation in catla.     

The role of the cloud optical thickness in the attenuation of the solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground: Implications to the human health impacts

Cloud optical depth, as it is derived from the King's method, is compared with that deduced from the simple two stream approximation for the greater Athens, Greece area. The results show that King's method overestimates the cloud optical thickness, in comparison to the two stream approximation. These estimations were also compared with satellite observations provided by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. This comparison showed that there are large deviations between ground‐based and satellite observations. These deviations are probably due to the uncertainty introduced by the integration procedure of the satellite spatial analyzing resolution (distinctness). Furthermore, values of the simple scattering albedo were calculated by employing a recently proposed theoretical method and using the solar ultraviolet irradiance measurements performed at the Athens University on a routine basis. These results are of great importance for the densely populated areas like Athens, in a sense of health impacts, from enhanced incident solar ultraviolet radiation.     

O3和UV-B共同作用对大豆干物质和产量的影响

为揭示O₃和UV-B共同作用对大豆干物质和产量的影响,以大豆“八月黄”为供试材料,利用OTC(开顶式气室)和紫外灯模拟O₃和UV-B共同作用环境,研究大豆干物质和产量的变化. 结果表明:与对照组相比,T1(UV-B辐射增强10%左右)、T2(100nL/L O₃与增强10%左右的UV-B复合)和T3(150nL/L O₃与增强10%左右的UV-B复合)处理下,成熟期大豆株高分别降低了12.73%、12.78%和14.15%;w〔Chl(a+b)〕分别减少了-1.16%(P>0.05)、34.20%(P<0.05)和57.38%(P<0.05);净光合速率(P_n)分别下降了11.50%、46.65%和48.58%;单株干物质质量显著降低(P<0.05),分别减少了31.02%、61.35%和67.53%;大豆产量分别减少了4.13%、54.09%和79.34%. O₃和UV-B对大豆的生长和干物质累积均有不利影响,并且存在一定的协同影响,2个因子共同作用对大豆生长和干物质累积更为不利;O₃和UV-B共同作用下大豆产量的降低主要是由粒数和粒质量降低所致.      

UV-B辐射下悬沙对小球藻生长和DNA损伤的影响

研究了UV-B辐射(17μW cm-2,5 min/d)下不同浓度(0、100和1 000 mg L-1)和粒径组成(全粒径组和粒径<38μm组)的悬沙对小球藻(Chlorella sp.)生长和DNA损伤的影响.结果显示,小球藻的生长可用Logistic增长模型拟合,拟合后的生长参数表明悬沙的"遮荫效应"减轻了UV-B辐射对小球藻细胞的DNA损伤,从而对小球藻生长产生正影响.悬沙浓度越高,UV-B辐射对小球藻细胞DNA损伤程度越低,小球藻的环境负载能力a和瞬时增长率K越大.当悬沙浓度为100 mg L-1时,全粒径组a值和K值小于粒径<38μm组,且两组间小球藻细胞DNA损伤差异显著(P<0.05),但当悬沙浓度达1 000 mg L-1时,全粒径组a值和K值大于粒径<38μm组,两组间细胞的DNA损伤无显著差异(P>0.05).图3表2参24     

沙尘天气对北京大气环境质量及太阳辐射的影响

利用空气污染指数(API)、地面气象数据和辐射观测数据,分析了2009年3月一次典型沙尘天气发生时的大气环境质量及太阳辐射变化,并分析了2008年10月—2009年6月不同污染情形下各太阳辐射要素之间的关系. 结果表明:API与辐射关系明显,沙尘天气导致总辐射、直接辐射和反射辐射减小.净辐射白天减小而夜间增大. 能见度和气压等气象要素对沙尘过程影响明显. 沙尘到来时,能见度降低,地面处于低气压控制下;沙尘过境后地面被高压控制. 随着污染的加重,总辐射与反射辐射相关关系显著,变化不大但略有偏差;直接辐射和总辐射、散射辐射、反射辐射的相关性先降低后增加;散射辐射与总辐射的比值持续增大,但增加的速度随着污染的加重趋于平缓,且离散度增大.      

Application of a three-dimensional model for assessing effects of small clear-cuttings on radiation and soil temperature

A three-dimensional model Mixfor-3D of soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer (SVAT) was developed and applied to estimate possible effects of tree clear-cutting on radiation and soil temperature regimes of a forest ecosystem. The Mixfor-3D model consists of several closely coupled 3D sub-models describing: forest stand structure; radiative transfer in a forest canopy; turbulent transfer of sensible heat, H₂O and CO₂ between ground surface and the atmospheric surface layer; evapotranspiration of ground surface vegetation and soil; heat and moisture transfer in soil. The model operates with the horizontal grid resolution, 2 m × 2 m; vertical resolution, 1 m and primary time step, 1 h.     

山西省能源圈辐射的环境效应

根据历年<山西统计年鉴>提供的能源输出数据,分析了1985-2007年间山西省煤炭的输出情况,并借助于GIS软件,分析了2006年山西省煤炭的流向及流量.山西省是一个大的能源辐射基地,每年产出煤炭的三分之二左右供应外省市,在外省市的经济水平、人民生活质量不断得到提升的同时,对于为周边地区的发展做出巨大贡献的能源输出地--山西来说,人均地区生产总值却低于全国平均水平,更低于其能源辐射到的其它省市区.山西省在不断向外省市输出能源的同时,也产生了巨大的环境辐射效应,但这种效应对于山西这个能源输出地来说却是负向的.主要表现在:山西省由于煤炭开采导致空气污染、地下水位下降、地面塌陷等地质灾害,而这些环境压力有三分之二是替煤炭输入地所承担的.输送电力,山西省不仅要承担煤炭开采造成的环境破坏,还要承担火力发电所造成的巨大环境二次污染,仅2007年,山西省生产外调电量就产生381.75×10~4 tSO_2,139.98×10~4 tNO_2,2799.51×10~4 t灰粉.     

废冰箱保温材料低温热解及气体成分分析

在80～220 ℃内,通过热重分析仪－傅立叶变化红外线光谱(TGA-FTIR)联用研究半球牌和雪花牌冰箱保温材料(聚氨酯硬质泡沫,简称PUR泡沫)热解特性.结果表明,PUR泡沫的质量损失随温度的增加而快速增大. 80～160 ℃的主要气体化合物有多元醇、氟氯化碳化合物 (CFCs)和含氯烷烃,并未发生热分解;170～220 ℃时发生初始热分解,主要是聚合物主链上的C—O键发生断裂,分解成多异氰酸酯和多元醇,同时还有烯烃产生. 在160 ℃以下加热PUR泡沫可快速移除包裹和吸附于泡沫中的CFCs,但在加热期间,必须收集和处理CFCs.