三江源区生态系统服务间接使用价值评估

论文利用替代成本法、机会成本法和影子工程法等经济学方法,对三江源区生态系统提供的间接使用价值进行了评估。研究结果表明:2008年三江源区生态系统的间接使用价值共计1.74×10¹¹元,其中水源涵养价值为1.07×10¹¹元,占61.38%,土壤保持价值为4.60×10¹⁰元,占26.50%,气候调节价值为2.01×10¹⁰元,占11.56%,空气质量调节价值为9.56×10⁸元,占0.55%。该结果突出反映了三江源区作为水源发源地在水量平衡、调节区域水分循环和改善水文状况等方面做出的贡献。     

Heat-health warnings in regional Australia: examining public perceptions and responses

ABSTRACT

Heatwaves are an increasing environmental hazard and an important public health issue in Australia. Heat-health warnings are being adopted widely to promote protective behaviours, but there has been limited evaluation of public responses. This study used a household telephone survey to examine public attitudes and responses to heat-health warnings in regional areas in two Australian states, South Australia and Victoria. The results indicate a high level of recall of heat-health warnings and awareness about managing extreme heat. Respondents viewed heat-health warnings positively, but the effects on behaviour change were variable. Our findings suggest that the warnings may be reinforcing existing protective behaviours more than promoting change. Perceptions of heat risks were higher among women than men, but lower in older age groups. Evidence of this nature is important to identify ways to improve heat-health warnings and more effectively address the public health risks.     

猪粪与秸秆协同发酵产热及溶解性有机质的转化特征

采用量热计法和三维荧光光谱,分别对猪粪发酵产热不同阶段温度、热值以及溶解性有机质(DOM)的转化特征进行了研究. 结果表明:在不同C/N(猪糞与芦苇秸秆物料配比)的4组发酵产热试验中,纯猪粪发酵产热温度高于室温时间达到60d,累积热量损失最多达8.862kJ/g,是增温技术最为理想的配比;随着发酵产热的进行,纯猪粪发酵产热样品中类蛋白化合物荧光比值(P_1,n+P_2,n,0.625~0.546)逐渐减少,类富里酸物质荧光比值(P_3,n,0.140~0.173)与类胡敏酸物质荧光比值(P_5,n,0.051~0.097)逐渐增多,腐殖化程度逐渐加强,但是与其他各组相比其腐殖酸类物质增加最少,腐殖化程度最低;不同C/N物料产热过程中,尽管不同区域的荧光强度与热值的相关性不同,但不同C/N物料释放的热量均来源于微生物对简单有机化合物的分解.      

Determining the tourism potential of the Altındere Valley National Park (Trabzon/Turkey) with respect to its conservation value

This study was conducted to determine the tourism potential of Alt?ndere Valley National Park with respect to its conservation and utilization. With its natural values, Alt?ndere Valley National Park is one of the internationally prominent areas of potential for the recreational and touristic facilities it offers.

A mathematical method – criterion referenced method – was applied within this study, which was done to portray the touristic potential (resulting from the touristic and recreational utilization of the national park area and recreational zone) of the national park, which was visited by an average of 200,000 local and foreign guests.

According to this method, the conservation and utilization values that appear on two opposite axes were examined in accordance with the natural resource values of the area, and conservation and utilization values for each criterion were determined. Depending on the data, the general exploitable touristic potential of the area was specified.

A survey study was conducted on groups from various disciplines and local & foreign tourists visiting the area in specifying the touristic potential of the National Park. Eleven criteria were defined concerning the area and a criterion reference was prepared for each criterion. Then, conservation and utilization values for each criterion and exploitable touristic potential were mathematically indicated. The fact that the attained values were reduced to a percentage basis provides the opportunity to compare the researched area to similar fields that use the same method. Within the scope of the method, several suggestions were made using the information obtained in the evaluation of the data for every other source value.     

The livestock production system in a village ecosystem in the Rawain Valley,Uttarakhand, Central Himalaya

Animals in the Himalayan region are reared basically to supplement the family income and sustain crop production, and constitute an important component of the rural economy of the region. Given the ecological importance of the livestock production system in terms of intrinsic values as a life support system for local people and a contribution towards sustainable agriculture through its role in the maintenance of soil fertility, the present study was conducted. This paper describes and assesses the current status of livestock production systems, monetary input/output, status of available forest resources, current level of pressure on the livestock production system and recommends strategies for sustainable development of a livestock production system in the Rawain Valley of Central Himalaya.     

Sustainable design of sanitation system based on material and value flow analysis for urban slum in Indonesia

Material flow analysis (MFA) and value flow analysis (VFA) were applied to the sanitation system in an urban slum in Indonesia. Based on the results of the MFA and VFA, garbage and excreta disposal costs were evaluated to be 0.7% and 1.1%, respectively, of per capita income. Such value flows seem reasonable in light of the recognized affordability to pay (ATP) standard. However, current excreta disposal methods create negative impacts on downstream populations. Because such disadvantages do not go back to disposers, but passed to downstream, the current value flow structure does not motivate individual toilet users to install treatment facility. Based on current material and value flow structures, a resource recycling sanitation system scenario was examined. Based on VFA, an affordable initial cost for such a system was calculated; this was found to be comparable in price to a cheaper composting toilet that is currently available in the market.     

初始温度对可燃气体爆炸下限影响的研究

研究初始温度对可燃气体爆炸下限的影响规律,运用阿累尼乌斯定律,可得出温度与化学反应速度之间的关系式,从而得出简化的温度和爆炸极限影响的模型。利用该模型对5种烷烃在不同温度下的爆炸下限实验值进行拟合相关度比较,所得爆炸下限模型平均拟合相关系数达到0.995 5。结果表明,该简化模型具有较强的可靠性。     

多元联系数的集对分析法在城市燃气埋地管道系统危险性评价中的应用

城市燃气埋地管道系统中存在诸多不确定因素,集对分析是处理不确定性问题的系统分析方法,它将系统中确定与不确定因素作为一个整体进行处理。针对多元联系数集对分析评价方法存在的不足,讨论其使用条件,运用集对分析的多元联系数对系统的危险等级进行划分。为了减轻评价者的主观影响,根据评价专家的综合素质,对评价专家进行权重赋值。最后将评价结果与集对势相结合对系统的危险性进行综合分析,使得评价结果更符合系统的发展变化特点。     

基于投影寻踪技术的洪水灾情综合评价

洪水灾情评价结果对救灾和援灾决策有重要指导意义。实际灾情评价中,单项指标的评价结果往往是不相容的,而多指标综合评价的重点在于模型指标权重的获取。将投影寻踪技术用于洪水灾情评价中,并将决策者的偏好添加到模型中,建立一个能在专家对某个(些)指标偏好干预下寻求客观权重的灾情综合评价模型,并研究模型的优化问题。结果表明,在多指标评价中,投影寻踪技术是一种能根据样本数据进行综合评价的客观方法,并能兼顾决策者对某个(些)指标的偏好。     

二叔丁基过氧化物的热失控动力学研究

为研究二叔丁基过氧化物(DTBP)热失控危险性,利用C600微量量热仪对DTBP热分解动力学进行试验研究,测定DTBP在不同升温速率下的起始放热温度和分解热,分别用非等转化率法和等转化率法得到DTBP热分解反应的动力学参数。用非等转化率法确定反应的最佳反应级数为1,相应的活化能分别为137.75、132.60、128.61和122.93 kJ/mol,指前因子分别为8.82×1012、6.69×1012、2.06×1012和3.89×10111/s。用等转化率法确定的活化能范围为102～138 kJ/mol,并拟合出活化能与转化率的关系曲线。结合计算出的动力学参数,通过对DTBP分解机理的分析,可以推断其具有热失控危险性。