中国东北末次冰期松原黄土的释光测年及其古气候意义初探

本文以中国东北松原黄土为研究对象,通过光释光测年建立其末次冰期年代标尺,并探讨磁化率和平均粒径这两个黄土研究中常用的气候替代性指标的可能指示意义。采用成熟的细颗粒石英单片再生(SAR)光释光(OSL)测年技术获得了松原剖面顶部5.5 m年代6个,并获得了2 cm间距的低频磁化率和平均粒径这两个常规参数。石英OSL测年相关检验证实了该技术测量松原黄土的可靠性。测年结果表明,松原剖面顶部5.5 m主要沉积于末次冰期的中晚期,即约5.5—1.8 m((52.18±3.47)—(27.76±1.77)ka)主要堆积于深海氧同位素阶段(MIS)3中晚期,而顶部1.8—0.4 m((27.76±1.77)—(20.61±1.31)ka)堆积于MIS2早期。磁化率自52.18±3.47 ka到27.76±1.77 ka经历了先小幅降低又小幅升高,波动幅度较小,而自27.76±1.77 ka以后,磁化率值呈整体下降并呈现大幅度摆动。平均粒径则自52.18±3.47 ka到46.80±3.13 ka呈明显变小趋势,自46.80±3.13 ka到约20 ka变化不大,自约20 ka以后,平均粒径由约40μm陡然增加至约140μm,并在之后稳定在这一水平。测试结果对比显示,磁化率和粒度的变化不具有明显的相位关系,且同黄土高原渭南剖面末次冰期磁化率和平均粒径的变化也表现出明显的不一致现象。因此,在对松原黄土剖面的研究中,将磁化率和平均粒径分别作为东亚夏季风和冬季风的替代性指标使用时要慎重。     

气溶胶中苯并[k]荧蒽的恒能量同步荧光测量条件优化

采用正交实验研究光电倍增管(PMT)工作电压、激发单色器狭缝带宽(EX slit)和发射单色器狭缝带宽(EM slit)等对恒能量同步荧光测量技术的精密度、灵敏度、检出限及半峰宽度的影响机理,筛选和优化气溶胶中苯并[k]荧蒽的最佳测量条件.结果表明,3个因素对精密度、灵敏度、检出限均有显著影响,但只有EX slit带宽对半峰宽度有显著影响.PMT的工作电压越高,精密度越低,灵敏度越高,而它对检出限的影响较为复杂,当PMT工作电压为800V时,检出限可达到最低值;EX slit带宽越大,精密度越高,灵敏度越低,检出限越低,半峰宽度越大;EM slit带宽越大,精密度越低,灵敏度越高,检出限越低.模拟实验优化后的最佳测试条件为PMT工作电压800V、EX slit带宽2.5nm以及EM slit带宽5nm,.此时的最低检测限为0.086ng/mL,能适合于在线检测的技术要求.在环境实际气溶胶样品苯并[k]荧蒽含量的测量时,该方法与HPLC-FLD的测量值差异较小,两者的差值范围为1.73~10.70%,具有很好的可比性.     

RESIDENCE TIME OF WATER DISCHARGING FROM THE HANGING GARDENS OF ZION PARK1

ABSTRACT: The Hanging Gardens are a unique feature of Zion National Park. Knowledge of the source and residence time of water discharging from the Hanging Gardens is necessary to help preserve these features. Ground-water chemical and isotopic data distinguish the discharge from seeps and springs into two groups, one of low and one of high conductivity. Water with low conductivity likely originates as recharge near the seeps and springs, and it only interacts with the Navajo Sandstone. High conductivity water, on the other hand, originates as recharge on the tops of plateaus to the east, where it interacts with marine rocks of the Carmel Formation. Carbon dating of these ground waters indicates that the low conductivity water is essentially modern recharge, while the high conductivity water was recharged 1,000 to 4,000 years ago.     

Pesticide and Transformation Product Detections and Age‐Dating Relations from Till and Sand Deposits1

Abstract:  Pesticide and transformation product concentrations and frequencies in ground water from areas of similar crop and pesticide applications may vary substantially with differing lithologies. Pesticide analysis data for atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, acetochlor, and cyanazine and their pesticide transformation products were collected at 69 monitoring wells in Illinois and northern Indiana to document occurrence of pesticides and their transformation products in two agricultural areas of differing lithologies, till, and sand. The till is primarily tile drained and has preferential fractured flow, whereas the sand primarily has surface water drainage and primary porosity flow. Transformation products represent most of the agricultural pesticides in ground water regardless of aquifer material – till or sand. Transformation products were detected more frequently than parent pesticides in both the till and sand, with metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid being most frequently detected. Estimated ground‐water recharge dates for the sand were based on chlorofluorocarbon analyses. These age‐dating data indicate that ground water recharged prior to 1990 is more likely to have a detection of a pesticide or pesticide transformation product. Detections were twice as frequent in ground water recharged prior to 1990 (82%) than in ground water recharged on or after 1990 (33%). The highest concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and their transformation products, also were detected in samples from ground water recharged prior to 1990. These age/pesticide detection relations are opposite of what would normally be expected, and may be the result of preferential flow and/or ground‐water mixing between aquifers and aquitards as evident by the detection of acetochlor transformation products in samples with estimated ground‐water ages predating initial pesticide application.     

湘北华容地区小墨山花岗岩体SHRIMPU—Pb年龄及地球化学特征

小墨山岩体侵位于中元古代冷家溪群中,由两期侵入体组成,早期为粗中粒—中粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩;末期为细粒黑(二)云母二长花岗岩。通过锆石SHRIMP U-Pb法测得岩体侵位年龄为122.5±2.1 Ma(2σ),MSWD=1.9,成岩时代为早白垩世。主元素中,SiO2变化于67.20%~75.16%,K2O含量高,且K2O>Na2O,K2O/Na2O为1.16~1.72;ASI值变化于0.96~1.10之间,平均1.02,属准铝质-微过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列。岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,Rb/Sr=0.27~15.13;Nb/Ta=15.9~17.1,为锶和铌亏损型。ΣREE总体较高,重稀土含量相对较高,轻重稀土分馏稍弱,ΣCe/ΣY为0.49~6.18,(La/Yb)N为0.66~15.54。有较高的εNd(t),为-6.8~-8.7;T2DM相对较小(1.47~1.62 Ga)。综合研究表明,小墨山花岗岩石为壳源型富黑云母过铝花岗岩类(CPG),其成因应为下地壳物质和上地壳物质混合而成,与花岗岩底侵作用或注入地壳中的幔源岩浆有关,形成的构造背景为陆内挤压造山向非造山转换的后造山拉张环境,是在...     

狮子洞铀系测年与百色盆地第Ⅲ级阶地的年代

布兵盆地是广西百色盆地东南缘一小型附属盆地,狮子洞位于其南侧喀斯特峰林中,其内堆积由上部砂质粘土与下部砾石层构成,类似河流相二元结构。狮子洞与其周围分布广泛的河流第III阶地海拔高度相当,表明洞穴与阶地堆积时代的一致性。本文报道狮子洞内夹生于砂质粘土层次生碳酸盐岩样的铀系测年结果。位于砂质粘土与砾石层界面处的钙板,高精度质谱铀系年代为366±19ka。其左上1.4m贴附于洞壁突岩的石幔,质谱年代为517±42ka。鉴于具明确层位意义、纯净致密次生碳酸盐岩质谱铀系年代高度可信,并基于狮子洞堆积与布兵盆地第Ⅲ级阶地同时、附属盆地与主盆地同步发育的认识,这二个盆地第Ⅲ级阶地应在366～517ka间形成。本文结果对系统研究百色盆地地貌和旧石器文化演化具重要性。     

细菌发光传感器在快速检测污染物急性毒性中的应用

本研究以明亮发光杆菌作为指示生物,将细胞固定化技术,生物传感器技术与发光细菌毒性测试技术有机结合起来,建立一种细菌发光传感器,确定了固体化菌膜的发光强度及稳定时间,以这一检测系统测定了３种金属离子及３种有机化合物的急性毒性（以抑制菌膜发光强度５０％所需的受试物浓度ＥＣ５０值表示）并分析了毒性作用的动力学过程,实验结果表明：在Ｈ７．０温度２０℃３．０％ＮａＣｌ底液条件下固定化菌膜的发光强度达２５０～     

南极企鹅粪土地层、机体组织与卵中POPs含量分布及其生态环境意义

对南极阿德雷岛企鹅栖息地粪土混合地层进行210Pb定年,同时采用气相色谱－电子捕获检测器 (GC－ECD)内标定量法测定了企鹅栖息地粪土混合地层及其机体组织中的有机氯污染物分布.结果表明:粪土混合地层中表层的有机氯污染物含量最高,w(PCBs),w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)分别为0.92,0.42和0.70 ng/g. 与非栖息地的比较表明,通过有鸟类活动的粪土混合地层(营巢和粪便)输入的PCBs和OCPs比无鸟类生命途径的高. 因此,海鸟成为将有机氯污染物带到南极大陆的媒介和途径. 有机氯污染物主要分布在企鹅机体的脂质和脂肪中,其中脂肪和尾臀腺中的含量最高,脂肪中w(PCBs),w(HCB),w(HCHs) 和w(DDTs)分别为126.9～277.0,43.2～197.0, 未检出～20.7 和79.4～110.1 ng/g. 蛋卵中w(PCBs), w(DDTs),w(HCB)和w(HCHs)分别为0.4～0.9,2.4～10.3,6.0～10.2和0.1～0.4 ng/g,总积蓄水平依次为HCB>DDTs>PCBs>HCHs. 对比PCBs在企鹅体内的积累与排出(粪土和产卵)过程可知,前者占主导地位.在南极企鹅机体组织和卵中检出PCBs和OCPs表明,有机氯农药可在鸟类动物体内积累与代间转移,在相当长的时期内难以消除.      

Geochronology of anthropogenic radionuclides in Ribeira Bay sediments, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ribeira Bay is located approximately 130 km south of the city of Rio de Janeiro and receives discharges of liquid effluent from the Angra dos Reis nuclear power plant (NPP) site, where two pressurized water reactors are located. To test whether the presence of anthropogenic radionuclides in sediments in Ribeira Bay could be correlated to the NPP operations, we sampled seven sediment cores and determined accumulation rates and chronologies. Only one sediment core did not exhibit a superficial mixing layer; this sample was used for dating purposes. Cesium-137 and ²⁰⁷Bi were observed in this sediment profile, but their presence was associated with atmospheric fall-out rather than the nearby NPP. The exponential decay of ²¹⁰Pb concentration with sediment layer depth was verified below a superficial mixing layer for all other sediment cores. Calculated accumulation rates ranged from 1.2 mm y⁻¹ in the inner bay to 6.2 mm y⁻¹ close to its entrance.     

大气129I水平对超低129I含量地质样品分析中流程空白的影响

为了采用¹²⁹I进行地质定年研究,该类样品中的¹²⁹I/¹²⁷I原子比值通常低于10^-12,因此低的¹²⁹I流程空白是分析地质定年样品的前提条件之一。在全球范围内,大气中129I的水平呈现显著变化趋势,¹²⁹I/¹²⁷I原子比值范围在10^-10 到10^-6。然而,在样品制备过程中,是否大气中的¹²⁹I会影响流程空白尚未可知。本研究调查了三种常用的¹²⁹I分析方法,包括直接沉淀法、溶剂萃取法和管式燃烧法（分别以压缩空气和氧气作为载气）来比较流程空白中的¹²⁹I/¹²⁷I比值。研究结果表明：在最佳实验室条件下,流程空白均被控制在较低的水平,可用于分析各种环境和地质样品。另外,通过研究溶液的长时间储存,发现当0.4 mol???L^-1NaOH溶液储存一年以上时,¹²⁹I?/?¹²⁷I比值比新配制的NaOH溶液有所提高,但基本在实验室正常本底2×10^-13以内。采用压缩空气作为载气的管式燃烧法比氧气为载气时具有明显提高的¹²⁹I?/?³I比值。研究表明样品和试剂的储存,以及制样过程中与大气的交换程度均会影响流程空白中¹²⁹I的水平。因此在分析超低¹²⁹I含量的地质样品时,固体样品中碘的分离应采用低本底的分析方法（如以纯气体作为载体的管式燃烧法）,如有必要还可在低大气¹²⁹I水平的实验室进行实验。