水源水库贫营养好氧反硝化菌群脱氮特性研究

为削减微污染水库中氮素的浓度,通过对西安市李家河水库沉积物进行定向富集驯化,筛选出以Pseudomonas菌为主、具有高效好氧反硝化特性的混合菌群-A1.摇床实验表明,贫营养好氧反硝化菌群A1在15h时硝酸盐氮去除率可达93.39%,硝酸盐氮平均去除速率为0.2073mg/（L·h）;总氮去除率为52.11%,总氮平均去除速率为0.1153mg/（L·h）,无亚硝酸盐积累.氮平衡分析表明,约45%的初始氮被去除转化为气体产物.响应面法（RSM）结果表明,C/N比9.96,温度22.67℃,pH8.01,转速91r/min,溶解氧8.55mg/L是去除总氮（TN）的最优条件.     

无锡市污水处理厂抗生素抗性菌分布与去除特性研究

近年来,污水处理厂已成为环境中抗生素抗性菌的重要来源.本研究利用传统的异养菌培养法对无锡市6座污水处理厂进出水中的5种抗生素(氨苄霉素、红霉素、四环素、卡那霉素、环丙沙星)抗性菌进行调查与分析,并对比了在不同工艺和不同季节条件下抗性菌的去除效果.结果表明,5种抗性菌在污水处理厂进出水中均可检出,进水中抗性菌浓度为103~10~5CFU·m L~(-1),出水中抗性菌浓度为10~2~10~4CFU·m L~(-1),其中,氨苄霉素抗性菌最多,占总异养菌的比例超过50%.污水处理工艺没有选择性去除抗性菌的效果,出水中抗性菌占总异养菌的比例相对于进水有增加趋势.相比其它传统工艺(氧化沟、SBR等),MBR工艺对去除氨苄霉素、红霉素抗性菌表现出一定优势;夏季目标污水处理厂对抗性菌的去除量略多于冬季,且只有环丙沙星抗性菌的去除量表现出显著的季节性差异(p0.05).     

膜生物反应器中进水组成对膜污染的影响

研究了膜生物反应器中进水组成对膜污染的影响. 结果表明, 相对于正常组成来说进水中限氮或限磷引起的膜污染程度更重, 尤以进水中限氮时更为严重. 系统缺氮或缺磷时, 污泥絮体的相对憎水性和膜的憎水性增加, 使得膜和污泥之间的憎水相互作用增强, 加速了污染物在膜表面的沉积和/或吸附. 另外, 进水中限氮或限磷时, 污泥中丝状菌的数量增加, 把颗粒污泥捆扎、束缚在其立体网状结构中, 滤层结构更加致密, 孔隙度减小, 增加了膜污染阻力; 丝状菌的作用还在于它们能够将污染物牢牢地缠绕、固定在膜表面, 加强了膜表面污染物抵御曝气的水力冲刷作用的能力, 从而也加速了膜污染.     

反渗透膜面细菌胞外多聚物提取方法研究

城市污水脱盐系统的反渗透(RO)膜面生物污堵问题严重影响了该技术的稳定运行,解析生物污堵机理的关键因素是微生物胞外多聚物(EPS)特征分析,然而目前细菌EPS提取方法多样,无统一标准,制约了EPS分析的可靠性和可对比性.基于此,本文以再生水厂RO膜面污堵物中分离的细菌为对象,采用水浴、超声、离子树脂、碱液4种方法提取EPS,以DOC和DNA含量表征提取的EPS总量和提取过程细胞破裂程度.结果表明,45℃水浴法不造成细胞破裂,提取总量多,是一种有效的提取方法.进一步对比不同提取时间条件下EPS溶液中多糖和蛋白含量变化,以及分子量、荧光特征等,综合认为提取1 h时,提取的EPS中多糖与蛋白相对含量稳定,不同分子量化合物均溶于水中,能客观地反映EPS特征.研究表明,45℃水浴1 h可以作为细菌EPS提取的适用方法应用.     

CO2封存泄漏的稻田土壤细菌监测指标筛选研究

为研究CO₂地质封存过程中CO₂泄漏对水稻及稻田土壤的风险影响,利用CO₂模拟泄漏平台,研究了不同CO₂泄漏速率下水稻生长、稻田土壤性质与土壤细菌组成及多样性的变化特征.结果表明：随着CO₂泄漏速率的增加,稻田土壤pH显著降低,电导率显著增加,水稻生长受到明显抑制;稻田土壤细菌的丰富度指数和多样性指数均有增加,均匀度指数有所降低.CO₂泄漏显著改变了稻田土壤细菌组成,稻田土壤的优势菌门中变形菌门、拟杆菌门与绿弯菌门的相对丰度总体降低,而酸杆菌门与放线菌门的相对丰度总体升高;稻田土壤优势菌属中RB41、MND1、厌氧粘菌属及鞘脂单胞菌属的丰度总体升高,而硝化螺旋菌属的丰度总体降低;稀有细菌中CO₂泄漏下全部出现的有粘胶球形菌门、柔膜菌门及双头菌属、硫杆菌属,CO₂泄漏后全部消亡的为假单胞菌属.建议将变形菌门的减少和酸杆菌门的增加,以及RB41、MND1及厌氧粘菌属的增加作为稻田土壤CO₂泄漏监测的推荐指标.     

低温下丝状菌膨胀污泥的微生物多样性

为探究低温下丝状菌污泥膨胀过程中微生物多样性的变化特征,实验采用低温-SBR反应器成功诱发污泥膨胀,并借助Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,考察了不同沉降性能下活性污泥微生物群落的整体变化特征、各特定菌群及特定菌属的变化特征.结果表明,在系统运行温度降至(14±1)℃后可成功诱发丝状菌污泥膨胀,SVI可恶化至663.99 mL·g~(-1),且膨胀后COD去除率和TN去除率仍能维持在90%和86%左右.低温下污泥膨胀的发生不仅会导致系统内微生物整体多样性和均一性的降低,使特定菌群中丝状菌群的丰度由0.49%增至26.04%,还会使脱氮菌群的丰度由21.04%减少至13.99%、除磷菌群的丰度由4.25%减少至1.93%.发现的5种丝状菌属中,以Thiothrix为代表的3种菌属的丰度递增,仅Haliscomenobacter的丰度递减;发现的19种脱氮菌属中,以Nitrosomonas为代表的5种菌属的丰度递增,以Nitrospira为代表的7种菌属的丰度递减;发现的8种除磷菌属中,Pseudomonas和Tetrasphaera的丰度递增,以Candidatus_Competibacter为代表的5种菌属的丰度递减.虽然污泥膨胀对微生物菌群结构产生较大影响,但不同泥样中始终存在的477个OTUs和227个菌属说明膨胀过程中反应器内主体微生物仍呈相对稳定状态.     

磷细菌筛选及其对苗期玉米生长的影响

从潮土、水稻土、砂姜黑土、石灰土上植物根际土壤和根中分离了86株磷细菌,通过NBRIP液体摇瓶培养3 d,培养液水溶磷质量浓度为4.2～387.3 mg.L^-1,水溶磷质量浓度与培养液pH呈显著负相关（r^2=0.621 6）。筛选出3株磷细菌进行玉米盆栽试验,结果表明,1株磷细菌处理的玉米干物质量和吸磷量与对照（处理4）相比无显著差异,2株磷细菌处理的玉米干物质量和吸磷量与对照相比有明显增加,干物质量增加了19.6%～37.5%,吸磷量增加了22.7%～40.2%,其中编号为HCW115解磷菌株的效果相当于施用无机磷（P）10 mg.kg^-1处理。     

The size distribution of airborne bacteria and human pathogenic bacteria in a commercial composting plant

•Bacterial concentrations from eight stages were 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. •Diameter influenced clustering of bacterial and HPB lineages. •Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 2.42 to 5.09 μm in composting areas. •Dg of 8 HPB ranged from 3.70 to 8.96 μm in packaging areas. •HPB had high concentrations and small sizes in composting areas. Composting plants are regarded as one of the important sources of environmental bioaerosols. However, limitations in the size distribution of airborne bacteria have prevented our comprehensive understanding of their risk to human health and their dispersal behavior. In this study, different sizes of airborne bacteria were collected using an eight-stage impactor from a full-scale composting facility. Size-related abundance and communities of airborne bacteria as well as human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) were investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing coupled with droplet digital PCR. Our results indicate that the bacterial concentrations from the eight stages were approximately 10⁴–10⁵copies/m³. Although no statistical correlation was detected between the particle size and the Shannon index, the influence of size on bacterial lineages was observed in both composting and packaging areas. For airborne bacteria from different stages, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and the dominant genera was Bacillus. Seven out of eight HPB with a small geometric mean aerodynamic diameter had a high concentration in composting areas. Based on diameters of 2.42 to 5.09 μm, most HPB in the composting areas were expected to be deposited on the bronchus and secondary bronchus. However, in the packaging areas, the deposition of HPB (diameters 3.70 to 8.96 μm) occurred in the upper part of the respiratory tract. Our results on the size distribution, abundance, and diversity of these bacteria offer important information for the systematic evaluation of bacterial pathogenicity and the potential health impacts on workers in composting plants and the surrounding residents.     

Integrated energy view of wastewater treatment: A potential of electrochemical biodegradation

• Energy is needed to accelerate the biological wastewater treatment. • Electrical energy input in traditional technology is indirect and inefficient. • Direct injection of electricity can be a game changer to maximize energy efficiency. • Microbial electrochemical unit for decentralized wastewater treatment is proposed. It has been more than one century since the activated sludge process was invented. Despite its proven stability and reliability, the energy (especially the electrical energy) use in wastewater treatment should evolve to meet the increasingly urgent demand of energy efficiency. This paper discusses how the energy utilized in conventional biological wastewater treatment can be altered by switching the indirect energy input to a direct electricity injection, which is achieved by the electrode integration providing extra thermodynamic driving force to biodegradation. By using electrodes instead of oxygen as terminal electron acceptors, the electrical energy can be utilized more efficiently, and the key of direct use of electrical energy in biodegradation is the development of highly active electroactive biofilm and the increase of electron transfer between microbes and the electrode. Furthermore, the synergy of different microbial electrochemical units has additional benefit in energy and resource recovery, making wastewater treatment more sustainable.     

直接驯化嗜盐菌处理高盐废水的研究

从大连旅顺盐场底泥中筛选出适合高盐度的嗜盐菌,在序批式间歇反应器(SBR)中对其进行3.5%(质量分数)盐度的驯化,污泥混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)平均质量浓度达600mg/L。污泥比耗氧速率(SOUR)测量结果显示,内源呼吸阶段污泥SOUR为10.36mg/(g.h),外源呼吸阶段污泥SOUR达到29.09mg/(g.h),表明所筛选的嗜盐菌培养的污泥具有较高活性。利用培养的污泥进行高盐模拟废水处理试验,结果表明,对盐度为3.5%、COD为240～340mg/L的高盐废水,在每周期12h、曝气量0.6L/min、污泥MLSS为600mg/L、污泥龄为18d条件下,COD去除率达95%以上,NH4+-N去除率达61%,TP去除率达55%。改变进水有机负荷对出水COD去除影响不大,该系统耐有机负荷冲击能力较强;盐度负荷的改变对COD的去除影响不大,而NH4+-N去除率有明显变化,在3.5%和5.0%的盐度下,NH4+-N去除率分别为61%和31%。