六都寨水库夏季富营养化状况与浮游植物分布特征研究

六都寨水库是湖南省邵阳市重要的备用水源地,本文在2012年夏季对六都寨水库水体理化指标和浮游植物群落结构进行调查,评价水库富营养化状况.结果显示六都寨水库氮、磷浓度较高,TN和TP平均值分别为0.88和0.04 mg·L-1,部分点位超过Ⅲ类水标准.调查期间库区浮游植物总细胞密度变化范围为3.68×106~5.84×106cells·L-1,水库中心区域以绿藻为主,靠近坝首处则以蓝藻为主.各点位Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')介于2.19~3.17之间,Chl.a浓度范围为3.64~20.24μg·L-1,综合营养状态指数(TLI)为38.51~48.11,六都寨水库水体已处于中营养状态.要从根本上控制六都寨水库水体富营养化进程,防范蓝藻水华风险,需通过长期科学监控和综合防治.     

Variation of cyanobacteria with different environmental conditions in Nansi Lake, China

Nansi Lake is located on the east line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. A comprehensive study was carried out to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in the lake from June 2008 to May 2011 based on monthly sample monitoring from five stations. The effect of environmental factors on cyanobacterial abundance was also evaluated. The cyanobacterial community contained 15 genera and 23 species. The cyanobacterial abundance of each monitoring station ranged from 0 to 1.53× 10⁷ cells/L with an average of 1.45×10⁶ cells/L, which accounted for 11.66% of the total phytoplankton abundance. The dominant species of cyanobacteria were Pseudanabaena (32.94%) and Merismopedia (19.85%), not the bloom-forming algae such as Microcystis and Anabaena. In addition, the cyanobacterial community structure and water quality variables changed substantially over the survey period. Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that temperature and phosphorus were important environmental factors that affected cyanobacteria. Temperature was the most important factor affecting cyanobacterial abundance. The effect of phosphorus on cyanobacterial abundance was more notable in warm periods than in periods with low temperature.     

2009~2018年太湖湖泛强度变化及其影响因素

基于2009~2018年的每年4~10月对太湖湖泛易发区的逐日巡查成果,以及相关太湖气象、水文、水质和水华监测资料的综合分析,揭示了太湖湖泛发生的环境条件及年际差异性特征,分析了影响太湖湖泛强度年际变化的因素及防控途径.结果表明,2009~2018年10 a中太湖共发生大小湖泛事件75次,平均湖泛面积1.35 km²,最大面积9.20 km²,平均持续时间3 d,最长持续16 d;湖泛发生引起了水体有机质、氮和磷等水质指标明显增高;湖泛的发生均在水温20℃以上,发生首日均处在5~9月;年际湖泛强度变化较大,2017年湖泛强度最大,2018年次之,而2014年湖泛强度最小;年际湖泛强度与蓝藻水华强度及5~9月的湖水平均温度显著正相关,而与水体营养盐等指标关系不密切,表明年际气候条件的波动对湖泛情势影响很大;湖泛的形成与河口区蓝藻水华的堆积关系密切：除了5次草源性湖泛外,70次藻源性湖泛均发生在入湖河口附近水域,河口区的底泥污染状况及底泥悬浮状况可能对湖泛的发生具有促进作用.根据形成湖泛的腐烂物质、来源、发生地点和持续时间的不同,可将湖泛分为藻源性湖泛和草源性湖泛这2种类型,藻源性湖泛又可分为港源型、迁移型和原发型这3种.结果表明,控制蓝藻水华强度是降低湖泛风险的根本途径,而避免河口区蓝藻水华过度堆积及厌氧分解的措施,如对蓝藻水华的及时打捞、工程措施形成的局部流场改变、蓝藻水华的离岸打捞工程和滨岸水华堆积区的应急曝气工程,以及河口区的污染底泥疏浚等工程措施,是降低湖泛发生风险的工程措施选项.     

Long-term joint effect of nutrients and temperature increase on algal growth in Lake Taihu, China

To study how global warming and eutrophication affect water ecosystems, a multiplicative growth Monod model, modified by incorporating the Arrhenius equation, was applied to Lake Taihu to quantitatively study the relationships between algal biomass and both nutrients and temperature using long-term data. To qualitatively assess which factor was a limitation of the improved model, temperature variables were calculated using annual mean air temperature (AT), water temperature (WT), and their average temperature (ST), while substrate variables were calculated using annual mean total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and their weighted aggregate (R), respectively. The nine fitted curves showed that TN and AT were two important factors influencing algal growth; AT limited growth as algal photosynthesis is mainly carried out near the water surface; N leakage of phytoplankton and internal phosphorus load from sediment explains why TN was the best predictor of peak biomass using the Monod model. The fitted results suggest that annual mean algal biomass increased by 0.145 times when annual mean AT increased by 1.0℃. Results also showed that the more eutrophic the lake, the greater the effect AT had on algal growth. Subsequently, the long-term joint effect of annual temperature increase and eutrophication to water ecosystems can be quantitatively assessed and predicted.     

近五年广西茅尾海富营养化成因分析及综合防治对策

利用2006至2010年监测结果和统计资料,评价广西茅尾海近5年富营养化状况,分析富营养化变化与钦州市人口、地区生产总值(GDP)、入海污染物结构、河流入海污染物之间的关系,探讨近年来茅尾海富营养化不断加重的原因,并针对性的提出该海域富营养化的综合防治对策。结果表明近5年茅尾海富营养化程度显逐渐加重的趋势,到2010年茅尾海富营养化程度很严重,河口附近富营养化明显。近5年钦州市人口和经济急剧增长引起的入海污染物不断增加是茅尾海富营养化程度加重的主要原因,尤其以磷酸盐的增加对海湾富营养化及赤潮现象的影响最为显著。因而茅尾海富营养化的综合防治应注重对钦江和茅岭江流域的综合整治以及海湾周边入海污染源的管理,加强污水的脱磷处理等。     

东海赤潮频发区石油烃的季节分布特征

根据2002年4月～2003年3月对东海赤潮高发区表层海水中石油烃污染状况进行的四季现场调查,探讨了该海区石油烃的季节分布特征.结果表明,该海域受到了石油烃的轻度污染,表层海水中石油烃的含量具有明显的时间差异.石油烃的平均浓度夏季最高(0.124 mg/L),春、秋季居中(约0.08 mg/L),冬季最低(0.032 mg/L).并根据调查区域油类污染物排海量及水文情况,对各季节石油烃的水平分布特征进行了初步的分析.     

Sulfur-containing amino acid methionine as the precursor of volatile organic sulfur compounds in algea-induced black bloom

After the application of methionine, a progressive and significant increase occurred in five volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs): methanethiol (MeSH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and dimethyl tetrasulfide (DMTeS). Even in the untreated control without a methionine addition, methionine and its catabolites (VOSCs, mainly DMDS) were found in considerable amounts that were high enough to account for the water’s offensive odor. However, blackening only occurred in two methionine-amended treatments. The VOSCs production was observed to precede black color development, and the reaching of a peak value for total VOSCs was often followed by water blackening. The presence of glucose stimulated the degradation of methionine while postponing the occurrence of the black color and inhibiting the production of VOSCs. In addition, DMDS was found to be the most abundant species produced after the addition of methionine alone, and DMTeS appeared to be the most important compound produced after the addition of methionine+glucose. These results suggest that methionine acted as an important precursor of the VOSCs in lakes suffering from algea-induced black bloom. The existence of glucose may change the transformation pathway of methionine into VOSCs to form larger molecular weight compounds, such as DMTS and DMTeS.     

基于ELCOM-CAEDYM模型的太湖蓝藻水华早期预测探讨

结合太湖蓝藻水华形成的"四阶段理论", 基于澳大利亚西澳大学水研究中心开发的ELCOM-CAEDYM耦合模型框架构建了太湖水华蓝藻生态动力学模型,对蓝藻水华的形成进行模拟,分析了太湖蓝藻水华早期预测的可行性.结果表明:该模型在较长时间尺度上对春季复苏阶段及生长上浮阶段蓝藻水华的形成模拟效果较好,蓝藻生物量模拟值与站点调查值的误差变化范围在1.0%~70.4%,平均误差为28.0%,与MODIS卫星反演值的误差变化范围在3.8%~83.9%,平均误差40.5%;但越冬阶段蓝藻生物量模拟输出值与站点调查值的误差变化范围在3.0%~143.6%,平均误差为40.1%,与MODIS卫星反演值的误差变化范围在9.7%~118.4%,平均误差为48.8%,表明模型对蓝藻越冬过程模拟能力还不强,应在蓝藻越冬机制模拟计算方面进一步改进,以满足蓝藻水华早期预测的需要.     

渤海富营养化现状、机制及其与赤潮的时空耦合性

通过对历年调查与监测数据的整理,从污染物源强、渤海富营养化状况、赤潮发生的时空分布三个角度,分析了渤海近岸海域富营养化的"压力—状态—响应"耦合作用机制。根据文献及调查资料研究渤海营养要素的来源及通量,指出渤海污染物主要来自于陆源输入,并且以河流携带的营养盐输入为主。在对渤海近岸海域历年营养盐含量及富营养化水平分析的基础上,结合赤潮发生的时空变化特征,就富营养化对渤海赤潮的诱导作用与耦合关系进行初步讨论。     

蓝藻暴发对巢湖表层沉积物氮磷及形态分布的影响

以巢湖表层沉积物及上覆水体为对象,于蓝藻暴发前(4月)和蓝藻暴发期(7月)采集水样及沉积物样品,分析了氮磷及其形态赋存特征,并探讨了沉积物氮磷及其形态与蓝藻暴发的关系.结果发现,蓝藻暴发时,巢湖表层沉积物总磷减少,总氮增加,同时削弱了磷在空间上分布的异质性.从氮磷形态来看,蓝藻暴发未造成巢湖表层沉积物氮形态(NH4+-N、NO3--N和Org-N)含量和比例的明显波动,但却造成了活性磷(弱吸附态磷和铁铝结合态磷之和)含量及比例的下降,钙结合态磷(Ca-P)以及有机磷(OP)含量及比例增加,生物有效性磷(AAP)的含量的减小.相关性分析表明,上覆水中叶绿素a(Chl-a)的浓度与铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)以及有机磷(OP)的含量显著相关(P<0.05),却与氮形态(铵态氮,硝态氮和有机氮)相关性不显著.巢湖沉积物磷(Fe/Al-P及AAP)对巢湖水体蓝藻暴发具有促进作用,而氮及其形态对蓝藻暴发作用较弱.