北京河流大型底栖动物空间格局及其环境响应研究

大型底栖动物群落结构及多样性对于区域河流环境状况具有重要的指示意义。基于2014年5月—2015年8月间北京市河流大型底栖动物群落结构调查数据,分析底栖动物的生物多样性特征和空间格局。调查共发现大型底栖动物151种(或分类单元),隶属于5门9纲67科127属,水生昆虫占绝对优势。聚类分析表明76个采样点可被分为4组,组1主要包含北部山区的潮白河水系,具有较为典型的山溪型河流底栖动物特征,组2主要包含永定河山峡段和北运河水系的清河,组3主要包含大清河水系和北运河水系的温榆河、北沙河、南沙河等,二者具有城市河流兼有山溪型河流底栖动物的特征,组4主要包含北运河水系,具有典型的城市河流底栖动物特征。优势种分析表明:组1的优势种为热水四节蜉(Baetis thermicus)、秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)和网栖石蛾(Cheumatopsyche sp.),组2为直突摇蚊(Orthocladius sp.)、钩虾(Gammarus sp.)和长足摇蚊(Tanypus sp.),组3为摇蚊科幼虫(larvae of Chironomidae)和寡毛类(Oligochaeta),组4是以中华摇蚊(Chironomus sinicus)为代表的摇蚊幼虫。功能摄食类群研究表明:组1以收集者和滤食者占绝对优势,相对丰度分别为60%和29.6%;组2、组3、组4均以收集者占绝对优势,相对丰度分别为97.7%、90%、97.5%。物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数的组间差异性显著(P0.05)。研究表明,北京河流大型底栖动物受河流自然环境变化的影响显著,形成了典型的山区-城市底栖动物空间格局,山区河流中保持了较高的生物多样性,城市河流及其过渡区的大型底栖动物退化明显,大型底栖动物能够明显指示环境状况的变化并可指导河流环境的保护与恢复。     

太子河流域大型底栖动物栖境适宜性

应用加权平均法和无度量多维标定(NMS)法,检测到影响太子河流域大型底栖动物空间分布最重要的栖境因子依次为底质、流速和水深. 对太子河流域大型底栖动物主要优势类群的栖境适宜度进行研究,结果表明:不同物种对生境表现出明显的趋异性,多数物种喜栖息在粗糙卵石底质的生境; 大型底栖动物的流速偏好性与其摄食方式、生活型和形体结构相关,对水深的偏好性差异较小. 对该流域主要优势种热水四节蜉(Baetis thermicus)的栖境适宜性研究表明,热水四节蜉偏好小卵石底质,最适流速为0.4 m/s,最适水深为0.2 m. 栖境适宜度指数的预测模型显示,热水四节蜉个体数在多数采样点的实测值小于预测值,表明除栖境指标外,其他的环境要素亦对该种的分布有重要影响.      

Spatial variations of macrozoobenthos and sediment nutrients in Lake Yangcheng: Emphasis on effect of pen culture of Chinese mitten crab

We determined the effect of Chinese mitten crab (CMC) pen culture on the quantified spatial distribution of the macrozoobenthic community and sediment nutrients in Lake Yangcheng. Redundancy analysis indicated that water temperature, macrophyte occurrence, sediment type, and crab culture were the main environmental factors that influence the spatiotemporal macrozoobenthic distribution. Macrozoobenthic assemblages in the lake were characterized by eutrophic indicator species. In the most polluted estuaries, the abundance and diversity indices of the whole community and abundance of chironomids and oligochaetes were significantly depressed, and sediment carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) were significantly enhanced compared with those in the western, middle (MB), and eastern basin (EB). Crab culture in this lake had significant effects on the species composition of the macrozoobenthic community in one of three CMC culture pens (CP), and generally depressed the abundance of most chironomid and oligochaete species. Significantly increased diversity, evenness, sediment carbon and nitrogen content, and sediment C:P ratio in the CP were found compared with those in the three basins. However, no conspicuous difference in sediment P content between the CP and the two basins of MB and EB was detected. Our results showed that the enhanced diversity and evenness of macrozoobenthos might be associated with the joint effect of macrophyte planting and crab predation, and macrophyte planting may modify the effects of CMC culture by leading to disproportional accumulation of C and N in the sediment relative to P in the CP of the lake.     

大沽夹河生态健康的生物学评价

通过背景资料调查、野外采样、实验室分析与鉴定,获得大沽夹河流域23个采样点的物理、化学和生物学指标数据.采用全部采样点数据的95th(或5th)百分位标准化指标数据,利用简单加和法计算综合指数,并根据参考点综合指数的25th百分位划分生态健康级别,评价各采样点生态健康.结果表明:底栖大型无脊椎动物是河流生态健康最综合的指示器,但其特征不能准确指示水质现状;利用采样点数据百分位进行指数标准化和生态健康级别划分,可体现评价标准的区域性特征;评价结果显示,大沽夹河生态健康不佳.      

丹江口水库底栖动物群落次级生产力空间分布

于2007年7月—2008年5月,分季度对丹江口水库底栖动物群落及水环境进行为期一年的调查。运用经验公式估算丹江口水库大型底栖动物群落的生产力,并分析底栖动物密度、生物量、生产力及P/B系数的空间分布,探讨环境因子与底栖动物群落生产力空间分布的关系。结果显示,丹江口水库底栖动物年平均密度、生物量及生产力分别为4 761 ind·m~(-2)、1.61 g DM·m~(-2)和35.45 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1),P/B系数为22.0 y~(-1)。不同区域生产力差异很大,湖泊区达61.80 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1),而支流区仅有5.48 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1)。P/B系数同样在湖泊区达到最大,为34.0 y~(-1);在丹江过渡区最低,为13.1 y~(-1)。颤蚓是生产力的主要贡献者,周年生产力为31.85 g DM·m~(-2)·y~(-1),占总生产力的90%。湖泊区由于其稳定的水动力条件,为颤蚓提供了非常适宜的生境,因此具有很高的生产力水平。与之相反,支流区由于水体扰动较大,底栖动物生物量及生产力水平均较低。从生产力的角度研究丹江口水库底栖动物群落的空间分布规律及影响因子,对丹江口水库的生态管理具有参考价值。     

基于大型无脊椎动物完整性的赤水河健康评价体系构建

作为长江上游珍稀鱼类国家自然保护区的核心区,赤水河流域水系的健康状况虽颇受关注,但相关评价工作却较少。笔者结合现场调查(2016年)和历史数据(2007年),初步构建基于大型无脊椎动物群落的健康评价体系,对赤水河干流和部分支流的不同季节(春季和秋季)和不同河段(上中下游)的健康状况进行评估。指标筛选结果显示:赤水河上游河段在春季和秋季分别包括6、2个核心参数,中游河段分别包括5、4个,下游包括3、2个核心参数。通过四分法将健康状态划分为4个等级:健康、亚健康、一般和不健康。从整体上看,赤水河处于亚健康状态,且春季和秋季河流不同采样点健康状况有所差异,春季健康状况好于秋季。回归分析显示,BOD_5、COD_(Mn)以及NH~+_4-N是影响赤水河健康的主要环境因子。研究所构建的B-IBI评价指标较好地评估了赤水河的健康状况,可作为赤水河流域水体环境监测的有效手段之一。     

Use of man-made impoundment in mitigating acid mine drainage in the North Branch Potomac River

The US Department of the Army, Baltimore District Corps of Engineers, oversees a long-term monitoring study to assess and evaluate effects of the Jennings-Randolph reservoir on biota in the North Branch Potomac River. The reservoir was intended, in part, to mitigate effects of acid mine drainage originating in upstream and headwater areas. The present study assessed recovery of benthos and fish in this system, six years after completion of the reservoir. Higher pH and lower iron and sulfate concentrations were observed upstream of the reservoir compared to preimpoundment conditions, suggesting better overall water quality in the upper North Branch. Water quality improved slightly directly downstream of the reservoir. However, the reservoir itself was poorly colonized by macrophytes and benthic organisms, and plankton composition suggested either metal toxicity and/or nutrient limitation. One large tributary to the North Branch and the reservoir (Stony River) was shown to have high (and possibly toxic) levels of manganese, iron, zinc, and aluminum due to subsurface coal mine drainage. Macroinvertebrate diversity and number of taxa were higher in sites downstream of the reservoir in the present study. Compared with previous years, the present study suggested relatively rapid recovery in the lower North Branch due to colonization from two major unimpacted tributaries in this system: Savage River and South Branch Potomac. Abundance of certain mayfly species across sites provided the most clear evidence of longitudinal gradients in water quality parameters and geomorphology. Fish data were consistent with macroinvertebrate results, but site-to-site variation in species composition was greater. Data collected between 1982 and 1987 suggested that certain fish species have unsuccessfully attempted to colonize sites directly downstream of the reservoir despite the more neutral pH water there. Our results show that recovery of biota in the North Branch Potomac was attributed to decreased acid inputs from mining operations and dilution from the Savage River, which contributed better water quality. Continued improvement of North Branch Potomac biota may not be expected unless additional mitigation attempts, either within the reservoir or upstream, are undertaken.     

溪流底栖动物定量与半定量采样法比较研究

溪流底栖动物定量和半定量采样法在个体数、物种数、物种相似性及生物指数方面的比较研究表明:(1)急流生境中,半定量样(踢网)的个体和物种数高于定量样(索伯网);静水-缓流生境中,半定量样(D形网)的个体和物种数一般高于定量样,且物种数有显著差异(z=-2.032,P<0.05).(2)同一样点半定量样(踢网加D形网)与定量样之间的物种相似性(平均为0.68)高于急流生境(0.56)和静水-缓流生境(0.45).(3)同一样点半定量样和定量样单独计算的生物指数值之间无显著差异.建议在应用溪流底栖动物开展水质生物评价时,可用半定量采样法完成野外采样.图4表1参8     

基于底栖动物群落相似性的黑水河替代生境的研究

金沙江下游（以下简称“金下”）是重要的鱼类种质资源保护区,也是长江大保护关注的重要区域.在当前金下几座大型梯级水电站逐渐投入运行的背景下,区域内的水生态保护问题受到广泛关注.本研究中通过对金下3条主要支流（黑水河、西溪河和赤水河）进行底栖动物群落相似性分析,并结合环境因子对其相似性格局的影响进行了分析,探讨黑水河作为金沙江替代生境的可能性.研究发现,三条河流底栖动物主要由蜉蝣目、毛翅目和双翅目组成,三条河流中绝对优势类群均为蜉蝣目.黑水河和赤水河底栖动物的密度、生物量和生物多样性总体上高于西溪河.底栖动物群落相似性比较发现,黑水河与赤水河的上游群落结构相似性较高,且均以四节蜉科的敏感种为主要优势类群,而与距离黑水河更近的西溪河则表现出较低的相似性.典范对应分析发现海拔和总氮是影响底栖动物群落结构最显著的因子（P < 0.05）,分别代表了区域尺度的因子和局域生境的特征.虽然赤水河上游总体上受总氮影响较高,但相较于其他地区,其群落结构依然与黑水河上游更为相似,可能归因于两条河流更相似的物理生境.这表明即便在较大的空间尺度上,局域微生境对底栖动物群落仍具有较强的塑造作用.黑水河因与生态状况良好的赤水河在底栖动物群落相似性、生物量以及多样性特征上均较为相似,可以推测黑水河在该区域内可作为替代生境承担部分生态功能.     

Development and Application of an Agricultural Intensity Index to Invertebrate and Algal Metrics from Streams at Two Scales

Research was conducted at 28‐30 sites within eight study areas across the United States along a gradient of nutrient enrichment/agricultural land use between 2003 and 2007. Objectives were to test the application of an agricultural intensity index (AG‐Index) and compare among various invertebrate and algal metrics to determine indicators of nutrient enrichment nationally and within three regions. The agricultural index was based on total nitrogen and phosphorus input to the watershed, percent watershed agriculture, and percent riparian agriculture. Among data sources, agriculture within riparian zone showed significant differences among values generated from remote sensing or from higher resolution orthophotography; median values dropped significantly when estimated by orthophotography. Percent agriculture in the watershed consistently had lower correlations to invertebrate and algal metrics than the developed AG‐Index across all regions. Percent agriculture showed fewer pairwise comparisons that were significant than the same comparisons using the AG‐Index. Highest correlations to the AG‐Index regionally were ?0.75 for Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera richness (EPTR) and ?0.70 for algae Observed/Expected (O/E), nationally the highest was ?0.43 for EPTR vs. total nitrogen and ?0.62 for algae O/E vs. AG‐Index. Results suggest that analysis of metrics at national scale can often detect large differences in disturbance, but more detail and specificity is obtained by analyzing data at regional scales.