硫氧同位素解析典型岩溶地下河流域硫酸盐季节变化特征和来源

全球约1/4的饮用水源为岩溶水,但岩溶含水层极易遭受人类活动污染.以八步地下河为例,利用硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）浓度、硫氧同位素（δ³⁴S-SO₄和δ¹⁸O-SO₄）和水中氧同位素（δ¹⁸O-H₂O）研究岩溶小流域SO₄^2-的丰、枯水期两个季节变化特征和来源.结果表明：①受酸性矿坑水（acid mine drainage,AMD）直接影响的采样点SO₄^2-浓度较高（≥250 mg·L^-1）,枯水期>丰水期,其他采样点浓度季节变化相对较弱且浓度低.②地表水丰水期δ³⁴S-SO₄与δ¹⁸O-SO₄平均值分别为-10.5‰和4.7‰,枯水期为-11.5‰和1.3‰;地下水丰水期δ³⁴S-SO₄与δ¹⁸O-SO₄平均值分别为-2.9‰和7.1‰,枯水期为-3.2‰和6.2‰.地表水和地下水中δ³⁴S-SO₄与δ¹⁸O-SO₄值都存在丰水期偏重、枯水期偏轻的特征.③丰、枯水期流域内地表水和地下水中各采样点δ³⁴S-SO₄值变化不明显,表明在特定的采样点SO₄^2-的来源相对稳定.④地表水和地下水中SO₄^2-主要来源于雨水、硫化物和石膏,地下河出口各来源丰水期所占的比例分别为13%、40%和47%,枯水期为18%、39%和43%.     

煤燃烧过程中有机钙固氟效果研究

选择醋酸钙镁、醋酸钙2种有机钙为固氟剂,在固定床管式炉上对它们的固氟效果进行了初步研究,并分析了粒径、温度、钙硫比等对试验结果的影响.通过与传统固氟剂碳酸钙的固氟效果进行比较发现:在相同实验条件下,这2种有机钙具有良好的固氟效果,高温阶段效果更加明显,温度为1 000～1 100℃时,醋酸钙镁的固氟率是碳酸钙的1.68～1.74倍,醋酸钙的固氟率为碳酸钙的1.28～1.37倍.     

产酸脱硫反应器中碳硫比对群落生态特征的影响

通过产酸脱硫反应器处理高浓度含硫酸盐废水的连续流试验,从群落动态的角度研究碳硫比(COD/SO₄^2-)从4.2降低到2.0的过程中,pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、碱度(ALK)和末端产物(VFAs)组成、优势种群分布等群落生态特征的变化规律试验证明,在此过程中ORP和ALK提高,而pH值和VFAs中乙酸的分布比例降低,群落类型由高碳硫比稳定型转化为低碳硫比亚稳定型,但仍未改变乙酸型顶极群落的典型特征.     

Ammonium nitrate thermal decomposition with additives

Runaway reactions present a potentially serious threat to the chemical process industry and the community; such reactions occur time and time again often with devastating consequences. The main objective of this research is to study the root causes associated with ammonium nitrate (AN) explosions during storage. The research focuses on AN fertilizers and studies the effects of different types of fertilizer compatible additives on AN thermal decomposition. Reactive Systems Screening Tool (RSST) has been used for reactivity evaluation and to better understand the mechanisms that result in explosion hazards. The results obtained from this tool have been reported in terms of parameters such as “onset” temperature, rate of temperature and pressure rise and maximum temperature. The runaway behavior of AN has been studied as a solid and solution in water. The effect of additives such as sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and potassium chloride (KCl) has also been studied. Multiple tests have been conducted to determine the characteristics of AN decomposition accurately. The results show that the presence of sodium sulfate can increase the “onset” temperature of AN decomposition thus acting as AN thermal decomposition inhibitor, while potassium chloride tends to decrease the “onset” temperature thus acting as AN thermal decomposition promoter.     

铝镁粉加工过程中的清洁生产项目——超细粉回收利用

通过对铝镁粉加工过程中进行的清洁生产审核,实施了超细粉尘回收利用这一典型的清洁生产项目,良好而有效地控制和预防了污染物的产生,实现了环境效益与经济效益有机结合,并取得了很好的效果。     

Microbial reduction of sulfate injected to gas condensate plumes in cold groundwater

Despite a rapid expansion over the past decade in the reliance on intrinsic bioremediation to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon plumes in groundwater, significant research gaps remain. Although it has been demonstrated that bacterial sulfate reduction can be a key electron accepting process in many petroleum plumes, little is known about the rate of this reduction process in plumes derived from crude oil and gas condensates at cold-climate sites (mean temperature <10 degrees C), and in complex hydrogeological settings such as silt/clay aquitards. In this field study, sulfate was injected into groundwater contaminated by gas condensate plumes at two petroleum sites in Alberta, Canada to enhance in-situ bioremediation. In both cases the groundwater near the water table had low temperature (6-9 degrees C). Monitoring data had provided strong evidence that bacterial sulfate reduction was a key terminal electron accepting process (TEAP) in the natural attenuation of dissolved hydrocarbons at these sites. At each site, water with approximately 2000 mg/L sulfate and a bromide tracer was injected into a low-sulfate zone within a condensate-contaminant plume. Monitoring data collected over several months yielded conservative estimates for sulfate reduction rates based on zero-order kinetics (4-6 mg/L per day) or first-order kinetics (0.003 and 0.01 day(-1)). These results favor the applicability of in-situ bioremediation techniques in this region, under natural conditions or with enhancement via sulfate injection.     

铝土矿改性方法的研究

以廉价的铝土矿为原料,辅以适当添加剂,经简单处理,在７００℃－８００℃的温度下灼烧３ｈ,即可制成能够去除水中高浓度ＳＯ＾２－４的高效净水剂。将该净水剂加到适量的高浓度ＳＯ＾２－４水中,处理３０ｍｉｎ,就能达到国家饮用水标准。     

Experimental investigation of groundwater contamination by surface sources: Determination of adsorption capacity,diffusion, and sorption potential of selected anions in different soils

The present study investigated the fate and transport of two significant anions through soil to explore their potential as groundwater contaminants. The retention properties of chloride and sulfate in soils having several significantly different characteristics (soil‐1 and soil‐2) were determined using adsorption test and adsorption‐diffusion column experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity of chloride was 3.7 and 1.16 mg/g, respectively, in soil‐1 and soil‐2, with organic matter (OM) content of 3.92% and 4.69%, respectively. The sulfate adsorption obtained was 24.09% and 13.83%, respectively, in the two soils. The anions exhibited monolayer adsorption in the soils with replacement of hydroxyl ions from soils as the major mechanism of adsorption. On the other hand, the adsorption capacities obtained from the adsorption‐diffusion column experiment were about 100 times lower compared to that of the column tests of both of the soils. The maximum adsorption capacity of chloride was 0.03 mg/g and 0.01 mg/g, respectively, in soil‐1 and soil‐2, whereas that of sulfate was 0.04 mg/g and 0.03 mg/g. The empirical relation for depth of penetration (d) from a known spillage onto the soil surface was determined as a function of sorption capacity (S) and initial anion concentration (C) as d = 0.0073e^(?57S)C and d = 0.0038e^(?35S)C for chloride and sulfate, respectively.     

Main particulate matter components in Saxony (Germany)

Aerosol filter samples have been collected nearby the industrialised basin of Leipzig in Saxony (Germany) at the research station Melpitz of the Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (IfT). Time series (1992–1998) and a three year comparison (1995–1997) of two different aerosol filter sampling systems, the Sierra-Andersen-PM 10 high volume sampler (daily sample, PM 10 inlet) and the Rupprecht and Patashnik Co. Inc. Model Partisol 2000 (weekly sample, PM 10 and PM 2.5 inlet) are presented and discussed. The comparison of the different sampling systems and strategies yields small differences between the daily and weekly samples for mass and different ions, which may be influenced by sampling duration and flow rates. A general trend of change in aerosol composition was observed: Soot and Sulphate concentrations decreased whereas Nitrate and Ammonium concentrations increased. During summers the mass of coarse particles is higher than in other seasons. One reason could be found in the occurence of longer periods of dry ground surfaces enabling reemission of crustal and biological material. The time series have been integrated in a longer historical aerosol mass trend for Saxony and do show a good agreement. Since 1990 a significant downward trend in gravimetric mass concentration was found.     

测控系统及组态软件在危险环境中的应用

为了及时有效地监测与控制危险环境中的易燃易爆危险品,设计并组建了实验室条件下模拟监控应用系统,通过组态软件完成实时监测与控制.对模拟试验中数据处理方法和参数设计也进行了相关研究.