Insights into multisource sludge distributed in the Yangtze River basin, China: Characteristics, correlation, treatment and disposal

Sludge is the by-product of wastewater treatment process. Multisource sludge can be defined as sludge from different sources. Based on the sludge properties of five typical cities in the Yangtze River basin, including Jiujiang, Wuhu, Lu'an, Zhenjiang and Wuhan, this study investigated and summarized the characteristic variations and distribution differences of multiple indicators and substances from municipal sludge, dredged sludge, and river and lake sediments. The results demonstrated pH of multisource sludge was relatively stable in the neutral range. Organic matter and water content among municipal sludge were high and varied considerably between different wastewater treatment plants. Dredged sludge had an obviously higher sand content and wider particle distribution, which could be considered for graded utilization depending on its size. The nutrients composition of river and lake sediments was usually stable and special, with lower nitrogen and phosphorus content but higher potassium levels. The sources of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in multisource sludge were correlated, generally much higher among municipal sludge than dredged sludge and river and lake sediments, which were the most important limitation for final land utilization. Despite various properties of multisource sludge, the final fate and destination have some overall similarities, which need to be supplemented and improved by standards and laws. The study provided a preliminary analysis of suitable technical routes for municipal sludge, dredged sludge, river and lake sediments based on their different characteristics respectively, which was of great significance for multisource sludge co-treatment and disposal in the future of China.     

Decomplexation of Cu-1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid by a three-dimensional electrolysis system with activated biochar as particle electrodes

The feasibility of decomplexation removal of typical contaminants in electroplating wastewater, complexed Cu(II) with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (Cu-HEDP), was first performed by a three-dimensional electric reactor with activated biochar as particle electrodes. For the case of 50 mg/L Cu-HEDP, Cu(II) removal (90.7%) and PO initial pH 7, acid-treated almond shell biochar (AASB) addition 20 g/L, and reaction time 180 min, with second-order rate constants of 1.10 × 10⁻³ and 1.94 × 10⁻⁵ min⁻¹respectively. The growing chelating effect between Cu(II) and HEDP and the comprehensive actions of adsorptive accumulation, direct and indirect oxidation given by particle electrodes accounted for the enhanced removal of Cu-HEDP, even though the mineralization of HEDP was mainly dependent on anode oxidation. The performance attenuation of AASB particle electrodes was ascribed to the excessive consumption of oxygen-containing functionalities during the reaction, especially acidic carboxylic groups and quinones on particle electrodes, which decreased from 446.74 to 291.48 µmol/g, and 377.55 to 247.71 µmol/g, respectively. Based on the determination of adsorption behavior and indirect electrochemical oxidation mediated by in situ electrogenerated H₂O₂ and reactive oxygen species (e.g., •OH), a possible removal mechanism of Cu-HEDP by three-dimensional electrolysis was further proposed.     

宝鸡市夏季不同功能区挥发性有机物污染特征及健康风险评价

关中地区大气臭氧污染近年呈加剧趋势,研究城市不同功能区VOCs污染特征及其健康风险至关重要.夏季在宝鸡市交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区（对照点）设置4个采样点,利用气相色谱-质谱/氢火焰离子检测器联用（GC-MS/FID）和高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测了115种挥发性有机物（VOCs）,分析了不同功能区的污染特征,通过臭氧生成潜势（OFP）、·OH消耗速率（L_·OH）和二次气溶胶生成潜势（SOAFP）评估其环境影响,并计算毒性VOCs的危害指数（HI）和终生致癌概率（LCR）.结果表明,采样期间交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区的φ（TVOCs）平均值分别为（59.63±23.85）×10^-9、（42.92±11.88）×10^-9、（60.27±24.09）×10^-9和（55.54±7.44）×10^-9,其中交通区烷烃占比最高,其它功能区均为含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）占比最高;不同功能区乙醛、丙酮、正丁烷和异戊烷等均较为丰富.交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区的甲苯与苯比值（T/B）的均值分别为1.84、2.39、1.28和1.64,同时还存在较多低于1的时段,异戊烷与正戊烷比值（i/n）多数集中在1~4之间,表明宝鸡市VOCs受到机动车尾气和油气挥发、生物质和煤燃烧以及工业涂装和铸造等工业源的影响较大.4个功能区的间/对-二甲苯与乙苯的比值（X/E）均低于2,风景区最小为1.79,表明宝鸡市VOCs一定程度上受到区域传输的影响;根据甲醛与乙醛比值（C1/C2）和乙醛与丙醛比值（C2/C3）,表明醛酮类VOCs存在较明显的人为排放源且受到光化学反应的影响.各功能区OFP为：工业区>风景区>交通区>综合区,OVOCs和烯烃贡献大;各功能区L_·OH的范围为8.77~15.82 s^-1,工业区乙醛贡献最大,其它功能区异戊二烯贡献大;各功能区SOAFP为：风景区>综合区>交通区>工业区,甲苯、间/对-二甲苯和异戊二烯为关键物种.根据EPA的健康风险评价方法,各功能区的毒性VOCs的危害指数（HI）均低于1,处于可接受水平,但工业区HI>1的天数占总采样天数的42.86%,存在较大风险;交通区、综合区、工业区和风景区的终生致癌风险（LCR）分别为1.83×10^-5、1.21×10^-5、1.85×10^-5和1.63×10^-5,均处于评价体系的第Ⅲ等级,表明有较大可能的致癌风险,LCR超过10^-6的物种有：甲醛、乙醛、1,2-二溴乙烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,2-二氯丙烷和氯仿.     

陕北矿区典型河流多环芳烃的赋存特征、来源及毒性风险分析

为研究陕北矿区内典型河流窟野河水体中多环芳烃(PAHs)的赋存水平、空间分布、来源和生态风险,采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器串联荧光检测器法,对研究区水体中59个采样点的16种PAHs进行了定量检测分析.结果表明,窟野河水体中■范围为50.06～278.16 ng·L^-1,平均值为128.22 ng·L^-1;单体浓度范围为0～121.22 ng·L^-1,其中■的检出浓度最高,平均值为36.58 ng·L^-1,其次是苯并[a]蒽和菲;各单体检出率均在70%以上,12种单体的检出率为100%; 59个采样点中4环PAHs的相对丰度较大,占比范围为38.59%～70.85%;各采样点间浓度差异显著,浓度高值点主要集中在矿业活动工业区和人口密集区;与国内外其它河流相比,窟野河水体中PAHs浓度处于中等水平.运用正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF),结合特征比值法,对PAHs的来源种类与来源贡献进行了定量分析,表明窟野河中上游工业区水体中PAHs主要来源于焦化和石油类物质排放(34.67%)、煤炭燃烧(30.62...     

城市草坪温室气体排放特征及影响因素

草坪作为城市绿地的重要组成部分，其温室气体的吸收或排放不容忽视.然而当前对亚热带城市草坪温室气体通量的研究相对匮乏.采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对杭州市城区典型城市草坪的多种温室气体（CO₂、CH₄、N₂O和CO）地气交换通量进行了连续观测研究.结果表明，城市草坪的温室气体月平均通量变化明显，而其日变化特征并不明显.城市草地和土壤（无植被生长的裸土）是大气N₂O的源，平均通量分别为（0.66±0.17）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（0.58±0.20）μg·（m²·min）^-1；是CH₄和CO的汇，其中CH₄平均通量分别为（-0.21±0.078）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（-0.26±0.10）μg·（m²·min）^-1，CO分别为（-6.36±1.28）μg·（m²·min）^-1和（-6.55±1.69）μg·（m²·min）^-1.城市草地和土壤CO₂平均通量分别为（5.28±0.75） mg·（m²·min）^-1和（4.83±0.91） mg·（m²·min）^-1.基于相关性分析研究发现，草地和土壤的CO₂和N₂O通量均与降水量呈显著的负相关，而CH₄和CO通量与降水量呈显著的正相关；除草地CH₄通量与土壤温度无显著相关、草地N₂O通量与土壤温度呈显著负相关外，其余各温室气体通量与土壤温度均呈显著正相关.另外，城市草坪的草地和土壤CO₂（R²为0.371和0.314）和N₂O （R²为0.371和0.284）通量季节变化受降水量的影响要大于其它温室气体，而土壤温度对CO通量的影响（R²为0.290和0.234）要显著于其它温室气体.     

中国典型流域有机磷酸酯的污染特征与风险评估

有机磷酸酯（OPEs）作为溴代阻燃剂的替代品,在生产生活中被广泛使用,其环境污染和毒性效应受到广泛关注.梳理中国七大典型流域水体中OPEs的含量水平和分布特征,计算中国成人、青少年和儿童的OPEs日均饮水暴露量,对其健康风险进行评估,并通过蒙特卡洛模拟方法评价了结果的可靠性.检索整理了12种OPEs对水生生物的毒性效应浓度,构建物种敏感度分布（SSD）曲线,对生态风险进行评估.结果表明,低等暴露水平下,七大流域ΣOPEs的第5百分位浓度为52.61 ng·L^-1;中等暴露水平下,七大流域ΣOPEs的中位浓度为499.74 ng·L^-1,磷酸三氯乙酯（TCEP）、磷酸三乙酯（TEP）和磷酸三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）酯（TDCP）为主要污染物;高等暴露水平下,七大流域ΣOPEs的第95百分位浓度为1904.4 ng·L^-1,是其中等暴露水平的3.8倍,长江流域的ΣOPEs浓度最高.健康风险评估表明,不同人群通过饮用水暴露于OPEs的非致癌风险均在可接受范围内.磷酸三甲酯（TMP）、磷酸三异丁酯（TiBP）和TCEP是致癌风险的主要贡献者.生态风险评估结果表明,TCEP在高等暴露水平下存在中等生态风险;磷酸三正丁酯（TnBP）在中等暴露水平下存在中等生态风险,在高等暴露水平下,有较高生态风险;磷酸三苯酯（TPhP）在低中高3种暴露水平下的风险商均大于1,有较高生态风险,需要重点关注.     

Spatiotemporal optical properties of dissolved organic matter in a sluice-controlled coastal plain river with both salinity and trophic gradients

Due to the combined effect of sluices and sea tide, the sluice-controlled coastal plain river would be characterized by both trophic state and salinity gradients, affecting the spatiotemporal optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM). In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal variation of water quality parameters and optical properties of DOM in the Haihe River, a representative sluice-controlled coastal plain river in Tianjin, China. A significant salinity gradient and four trophic states were observed in the water body of the Haihe River. Two humic- and one protein-like substances were identified from the DOM by the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra combined with the parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the salinity significantly affected the abundance of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) but did not cause significant changes in the fluorescence optical characteristics. In addition, the effect of Trophic state index (TSI) on the CDOM abundance was greater than that on the fluorescence intensity of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM). In the water body with both salinity and trophic state gradients, TSI posed a greater influence than salinity on the CDOM abundance. Our results fill the research gap in spatiotemporal DOM characteristics and water quality variation in water bodies with both salinity and trophic state gradients. These results are beneficial for clarifying the joint influence of saline intrusion and sluices on the DOM characteristics and water quality in sluice-controlled coastal plain rivers.     

环境痕量污染物及其防控对策

随着工业化、城市化发展,越来越多的各种人造化学品被释放到环境中来,引发以POPs,PTS,PBT,EDCs等痕量污染物为主要特征的第三代环境问题。本文从环境科学的角度提出一个新的环境管理概念——环境痕量污染物（ETPs）,并分析ETPs的污染特征来形成新的环境管理领域,并提出中国ETPs防控的若干对策,为解决中国经济社会发展中出现新的突出的环境问题提供指导。     

铝、铁共聚作用的化学特征及晶貌研究

通过对铝，铁水解共聚物的合成制备及其水解共聚合过程电位滴定的研究，并通过扫描电镜对其共聚物样品的晶貌观测，ｎＡｌ／ｎＦｅ的点能谱及结构组成的红外光谱测定，对铝铁共聚作用的化学特征及其晶形貌象，共聚作用进行了研究及讨论，为深入研究铝无机共聚溶液体系化学形态组成及其絮凝剂的提供了的基础实验依据。     

桂西北明山金矿床表生带矿石中氨基酸的分布特征研究

在总结目前关于氨基酸溶金作用研究成果的基础上,对桂西北明山卡林型金矿床表生带的矿石样品进行了氨基酸的分离、定性和定量研究,结果表明,各种氨基酸的稳定性与所处的成岩成矿环境有关,因此不同环境中对成岩成矿发挥作用的氨基酸种类是不同的,所起的作用也有所差异;进行氨基酸溶金作用模拟实验时应该首先考虑氨基酸在不同成岩成矿环境中的稳定性。结合已有的氨基酸溶金作用模拟实验所得到的认识,对桂西北卡林型金矿成矿过程中氨基酸的作用进行了探讨。