3种基质材料对高浓度养殖废水处理效果及降解过程

养殖场直排废水负荷高,易造成湿地植物无法生长、处理效率低等问题.为使养殖废水通过前端生态治理技术,出水达到湿地植物耐受范围,探索高效利用作物秸秆,降低污染负荷的可行性,开展野外控制实验,对比分析了三大粮食作物秸秆——麦秸、稻草和玉米秆对猪场废水N、P的吸附去除效率.三级基质池各填充12. 5 kg干秸秆,设定连续式进水,水力停留时间7 d.结果表明,在进水COD、TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TP平均质量浓度分别为1 652. 83、371. 31、303. 51、0. 67和65. 22 mg·L~(-1)时,麦秸对COD、TN和TP的去除效果最好,去除率分别为32. 1%、40. 9%和33. 3%,稻草对NH_4~+-N的去除效果最好,去除率达到43. 4%.经180 d处理后3种基质材料木质素、纤维素和半纤维素均未完全分解.各种基质材料木质素降解速率低于纤维素与半纤维素,且稻草中木质素和纤维素降解最快,麦秆中半纤维素降解最快.结果表明,麦秆和稻草对去除高浓度养殖废水污染物效果均好于玉米秆,并且建议基质材料更换周期为5个月,可为生物基质材料运用于养殖废水处理提供数据支撑.     

密度和品种对玉米田杂草及玉米产量的影响

通过对玉米田杂草的调查,研究了不同密度和品种对玉米田杂草种类和生物量变化及玉米产量的影响。结果表明：在玉米全生育期内共发现以稗草（Echinochloa colonum（Linn.）Link）、水花生（Alternanthera philoxeroides）、水芹（Lepidiumsativum）等为主的21种杂草,以水芹的重要值最高;随密度的增加杂草的总数量和鲜质量减少;半紧凑型品种对杂草数量和生物量的抑制作用大于紧凑型品种,且产量高出了21.99%。密度对玉米产量的影响差异不显著,以B3（57 000株/hm2）产量最高,比常规密度B1（42 000株/hm2）和高密度B4（64 500株/hm2）的产量提高了14.17%和0.6%。可见,应根据玉米的品种类型,因地制宜地确定适宜的种植密度,以利于高产稳产。     

简化连续提取法评价污染土壤中Zn、Cd的植物有效性

以0.01 mol·L^-1CaCl₂和0.005 mol·L^-1 DTPA作为提取剂,用简化的3步连续提取法对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌污染土壤中Zn、Cd的形态进行了分析.结果显示,污染土壤中Zn、Cd主要以残渣态的形式存在,CaCl₂提取态和DTPA提取态Zn、Cd平均仅占全量的0.63%、3.91%和10.94%、10.13%.土壤中不同形态Zn、Cd含量与玉米中Zn、Cd含量的相关分析结果显示,CaCl₂提取态金属与玉米中金属含量没有显著的相关关系,而DTPA提取态、残渣态以及总量Zn、Cd与玉米根、茎叶中Zn、Cd含量显著正相关.这些结果表明CaCl₂提取态Zn、Cd对土壤中该元素的植物有效态可能不具重要贡献,而DTPA提取态金属和金属总量在一定程度上能作为评价土壤中元素植物有效性的标准.     

不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响

为了探索培育高产粮田的施肥模式,实现氮肥资源的高效利用与环境效益,以华北平原的小麦（Triticum aestivum）-玉米（Zea mays L.）轮作体系作为研究对象,通过2007─2011年4个轮作季,探讨不同的施肥模式对作物产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验以处理A（当地传统管理）作为对照,从测土确定施肥量、按作物生长发育明确施肥时期、合理分配各时期的养分配比及增施有机肥等方面改变传统施肥模式,设置3种高产施肥培育模式,分别为处理B（现有高产田推荐管理）、处理C（高肥料投入管理）和处理D（水肥高效管理）,进行田间小区试验。4个轮作季的总产量以处理D为最高,达75430 kg·hm-2,其次是处理C为75166 kg·hm-2,当地传统的产量最低。冬小麦季的吸氮量为处理C和D显著高于A处理,分别高出444.78 kg·hm-2和310.20 kg·hm-2,但与处理B无显著差异;处理D在夏玉米季的吸氮量为776.75 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A。处理B的氮肥偏生产力值最高为38.21,处理D为36.71,处理A和C均为28.33。各处理经过4个轮作季后,土壤硝态氮均在120-160 cm出现累积峰,A、B、C和D的硝态氮峰值分别为58.65、28.98、105.89、45.29 mg·kg-1。在0-100cm土层,处理B的硝态氮累积量达到144.22 kg·hm-2,显著高于处理A、C、D;所有处理在100-200 cm土层均出现较高的硝态氮累积,处理C高达1021.19 kg·hm-2;0-400 cm的土壤硝态氮累积量分别为724.27、711-92、1324.30、730.70 kg·hm-2。处理A、B、C、D在耕层土壤氮素的表观损失分别为1298.95、653.18、1236.39和718.43 kg·hm-2,处理B、D显著低于处理A、C,D和B间差异不显著。因此,处理D是培育高产的理想施肥模式,合理的施肥量、科学的施肥时期以及有机无机的合理配比是达到高产、提高肥效和环境友好的关键。     

秸秆还田下氮肥用量对玉米产量及土壤无机氮的影响

研究连续2年秸秆还田下氮肥用量对玉米产量、氮肥利用率及土壤硝态氮的影响,结果表明,玉米产量随着施氮量的增加逐渐增加,施氮量达到216 kg·hm^-2时,产量最高,施氮量超过216 kg·hm^-2时产量有降低的趋势。相同施氮处理玉米产量年际变化明显,2010年较2009年产量提高0.69％~4.75％。氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮收获指数随着秸秆还田年限的增加,均有不同程度的增加。2年0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量均以施氮240 kg·hm^-2最高,且有向土壤深层迁移的趋势,对浅层地下水构成潜在的威胁。与施氮240 kg·hm^-2相比,施氮168、192 kg·hm^-2和216 kg·hm^-2处理0~100 cm土壤无机氮残留量2年平均减少39.87％、35.84％和29.38％。相同施氮处理,0~100 cm土壤无机氮累积量2010年较2009年略有降低。综合考虑玉米产量、氮肥利用率与生态环境效益,该地区最适施氮量200 kg·hm^-2左右。     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱法测定玉米作物中多环芳烃含量

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-高效液相色谱测定玉米作物中15种多环芳烃的方法,优化了试验条件.方法线性关系良好,15种多环芳烃的检出限在0.003 8～0.079μg/kg之间,空白加标试验的相对标准偏差在3.9%～11.7%之间,基质加标回收率在69.3%～115.3%之间.实际样品的测定结果表明,该方法分离效果...     

Biosorption of Cr(VI) using low cost sorbents

Waste products from industrial operations, such as yohimbe bark, grape stalks, cork and olive stones were investigated for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Equilibrium batch experiments at room temperature were performed. Metal uptake showed a pH-dependent profile and optimum uptake at initial pH between 2.0–3.0. Slight influence of NaCl on metal uptake was observed. The sorption data fitted well to the Langmuir model within the concentration range studied. Grape stalks proved to be the most efficient sorbent followed by yohimbe bark, cork and olive stones. N. Fiol is the recipient of the 2002 ACE Environmental Chemistry Award     

Progress in the genetic manipulation of crops aimed at changing starch structure and increasing starch accumulation

The starch content and its composition have important consequences for the yield of the harvested crop and the materials extracted from it. The functional properties of the foods or other processed materials derived from these crops are also affected by the structure and composition of the starch. Recently, genetic engineering has been used to produce plants with an elevated starch content, achieved by transforming the plant with a mutated bacterial gene coding for an ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase that is active in the presence of metabolites which inhibit the plant enzyme. Besides the practical implications of these results, this experiment provided direct evidence for the regulatory role of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase in starch synthesis. Other bacterial enzymes, such as glycogen synthase and branching enzyme, could be introduced in order to modify starch structure. However, a more elegant (but longer-term) approach would be to learn enough about the structure-function relationships of the plant enzymes so that the product of their action could be changed. To achieve this objective, much more will have to be learned about the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of starch than is presently known. Here, the basic properties of starch and the current research approaches to understanding its biosynthesis are described, together with a perspective of how genetic manipulation of starch structure may be achieved.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

A Quantitative Safety Assessment Model For Transgenic Protein Products Produced In Agricultural Crops

Transgenic plants are now being used to develop pharmaceutical and industrial products in addition to their use in crop improvement. Using confinement requirements, these transgenic plants are grown and processed under conditions that prevent intermixing with commodity crops. Regulatory agencies in the United States have provided guidance of zero tolerance of these new industrial crops with commodity crops. While this is a worthy goal, it is theoretically unattainable. In spite of the best containment practices, there is a potential risk using any system of production due to unforeseen incidences including natural disasters or exposure to workers. The precautionary principle has been used for numerous regulated articles in addressing the potential risks of new products and technology based on a risk assessment in similar situations. We present here a risk assessment model that could be used as a start to develop an accepted model for the industry. The model is based on current risk models used for other regulated articles, but adapted for these types of products. This could be used to determine action levels in the event of an unintended exposure or to ensure that detection or confinement methods are adequate to avoid risks. As an example, aprotinin, a therapeutic protein now being produced in maize, was evaluated for potential risk to humans using this model.     

Maize: The Native North American’s Legacy of Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity

Recent research has focused on establishing the values of preserving biodiversity both in agriculture and in less managed ecosystems, and in showing the importance of the role of cultural diversity in preserving biodiversity in food production systems. A study of the philosophy embedded in cultural systems can reveal the importance of the technological information for preserving genetic biodiversity contained in such systems and can be used to support arguments for the protection/preservation of cultural diversity. For example, corn or maize can serve as a paradigm of Native American thinking and can provide one of the few areas from which common philosophical conceptions can emerge. An examination of the cultivation of corn or maize as an agricultural activity and as a cultural activity in Native American literature reveals a philosophy that recognizes the importance of biodiversity and provides techniques for its preservation. Corn, and the food and the materials derived from it, is something thought out, not by specialists, but by the entire tribe and its ancestors, even if this thinking is done within what we might consider a framework of highly mythical notions. Importantly, this framework yields an understanding of both the genetics and nutrition of corn. A survey of these mythical notions (myths and stories) and agricultural practices makes this thought explicit and exemplifies the value of cultural diversity and biodiversity.