近50年东北地区春玉米干旱的时空演变特征

利用东北地区70个气象站点1960-2007年间的逐日气象资料,计算了作物水分亏缺指数(CWDI)并划分了干旱等级;利用ArcGIS软件,绘制了东北地区春玉米种植区的干旱等级时空分布图,对各个年代和生育期的玉米干旱灾害时空分布特征和演变趋势进行了分析。结果表明:在春玉米生长季内,玉米的需水量与降水量均呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势7,月下旬达到峰值,在4-6月和9月份水分亏缺指数(CWDI)值较高,易引起玉米发生干旱。     

环境光强对糯玉米籽粒主要品质成分的影响

作物生长发育期间的环境光强是影响作物品质的主要因素之一。为了解不同环境光强对鲜食型糯玉米籽粒品质的影响,以香白糯(Xiangbainuo)为材料,采用人工遮光的方法模拟不同的环境光强,在糯玉米籽粒灌浆期间测定其籽粒粗蛋白、淀粉、脂肪、水分含量的变化规律和收获时籽粒的氨基酸总量及氨基酸各组分含量。结果表明,遮光没有明显改变糯玉米灌浆期间籽粒中主要品质成分的变化趋势,但对主要品质成分所占质量分数的影响很大。弱光(40%全光照)与自然光照(100%全光照)相比,糯玉米授粉后30d时,其籽粒中粗蛋白和淀粉的质量分数分别增加1.56和3.5个百分点,脂肪减少了1.5个百分点;自然光照条件下糯玉米籽粒的含水量每天以1.31%的速率减少,其脱水速率高于弱光下糯玉米籽粒脱水速率0.17个百分点。收获时,40%全光照条件下糯玉米籽粒中粗蛋白质量分数、氨基酸总量和赖氨酸质量分数高于自然光照和80%全光照时的质量分数,而糯玉米籽粒的百粒干质量显著降低。     

玉米免耕秸秆覆盖对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了研究免耕对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,本项试验运用Biolog-ECO检测手段,对连续2年的玉米（Zea mays L.）保护性耕作试验全部秸秆覆盖免耕和常规耕作2种耕作处理的土样进行了土壤微生物功能多样性研究。试验表明：（1）免耕土壤微生物对碳源利用率以及不同碳源利用率高于常规耕作,免耕对总体碳源利用率平均值比常规耕作高53.1%;（2）免耕土壤微生物丰富度指数、多样性指数显著高于常规耕作,免耕微生物群落丰富度指数22.33±0.57,多样性指数3.02±0.04,常规耕作微生物群路丰富度指数14.33±1.15,多样性指数2.56±0.12。免耕秸秆覆盖耕作措施促进了土壤微生物活性、增加土壤微生物数量。     

施肥及秸秆还田处理下玉米季温室气体的排放

以华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,在玉米整个生长季,运用静态箱法针对正常施肥及正常施肥结合秸秆还田处理进行了为期3年N2O排放通量的连续观测,并开展了1季CO2和CH4交换通量的研究.在玉米整个生长过程中施肥阶段N2O的排放量占到了总排放量的83%—96%,表明现有化肥的使用明显导致了农田N2O排放增加.与控制地相比,施肥和耕种可导致玉米田CO2排放明显增加,且正常施肥及秸秆还田样地CO2排放主要集中在苗期至吐丝期.控制地、正常施肥样地及施肥结合秸秆还田样地CH4的累积排放量均为负值,说明旱地土壤是CH4的一个汇.秸秆还田在一定程度上增加了玉米季N2O和CO2的排放量,但对CH4的吸收有所抑制.正常施肥样地和秸秆还田样地全球净增温潜势分别为-1392.8 kg C.hm-2和-179.2 kg C.hm-2,表明华北农田在现有耕作方式下是大气温室气体的一种重要汇.     

东北地区春旱对春玉米幼苗长势的影响指标和模式

春旱对春玉米幼苗长势影响田间试验分3个播种期(温度处理)和4个土壤水分胁迫处理。结果表明,在东北中部玉米主产区,玉米幼苗长势好坏主要取决于水分。玉米幼苗长势(叶龄、生物量和株高)与春季土壤湿度和土壤累积有效水量的关系模式均为二次函数。干旱胁迫降低玉米苗期生叶速度和植株高度,减轻生物量,严重抑制幼苗营养生长。玉米春旱的指标是:W在18%～19%之间,或H在45～54mm之间为轻旱;17%～18%或40～45mm为中旱;17%以下或少于40mm为严重干旱。     

玉米秆碳源去除地下水硝酸盐

研究比较了经氢氧化钠、氨水预处理的玉米秆和玉米芯作为生物反硝化碳源时,不同氮负荷条件下的脱氮性能。结果表明,经3%氢氧化钠溶液预处理的玉米秆,在不同氮负荷下均具有较高的硝酸盐去除率,最高达到了97.17%。在原位净化模拟实验中,用该方法预处理的玉米秆作为可渗透反应墙(PRB)的填充介质,硝酸盐和总氮的去除率分别达到了89.68%和84.97%,且出水中没有亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮的积累。结果表明,经3%氢氧化钠溶液预处理的玉米秆,可以作为地下水原位净化修复的固相碳源。     

Coexistence of Plants and Coexistence of Farmers: Is an Individual Choice Possible?

The introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Europe has been characterized by controversy. In 2002, the European Union introduced the concept of “coexistence” as a compromise solution that, through the establishment of science-based technical measures, should allow the market to operate freely while reducing policy conflicts on GMOs. However, the concept remains highly contested and the technical measures difficult to apply. This paper presents qualitative research on the conceptualization and implementation of the coexistence framework in two regions of Spain (Catalonia and Aragon), where 42% and 55% of maize was GM in 2006, respectively. In this context, the concept of coexistence and its proposed implementation both fail to resolve previous conflicts and actually work to generate new ones through the individualization of choice and impacts. Considerations of the social conditions in which the technology and the management measures are implemented were not taken into account. This resulted in the promotion of biotechnological agriculture over other alternatives.     

Prenatal diagnosis and management of anterior abdominal wall defects in the West of Scotland

An attempt was made to identify all the cases of abdominal wall defects occurring in the West of Scotland over a 7-year period to determine the current incidence, prenatal diagnosis, management, and prognosis for fetuses and neonates with abdominal wall defects. Cases were identified because they presented either for prenatal diagnosis, or to the Department of Pathology following termination or spontaneous pregnancy loss, or as neonates to the Neonatal Surgical Department. The incidence of abdominal wall defects was found to be 1 in 2500 births. Exomphalos was diagnosed before birth in 66 per cent of cases, and in 30 per cent of cases it was associated with another major abnormality. There was a 20 per cent intact survival in the cases diagnosed prenatally who had no fetal anomaly and who opted to continue with the pregnancy. Gastroschisis was diagnosed before delivery in 70 per cent of cases, and in the group who continued with the pregnancy there was an intact survival of 77 per cent. Body stalk anomalies were all diagnosed prenatally and terminated. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein was elevated in 89 per cent of the cases with exomphalos and in 100 per cent of the cases with gastroschisis and body stalk anomalies in which it was tested.     

Ultrastructure effects of omethoate and cypermethrin insecticides on maize seedlings

Increasing studies suggest that insecticides are one of the plant stress elements that affect plant growth and productivity by interfering with cell metabolic and biochemical activities. Here, we show that the application of commonly used pesticides omethoate and cypermethrin on maize (Zea mays L. cv. Luyu 9) seedling leaves resulted in adverse effects on leaf ultrastructure changes under laboratory conditions. Electron microscopic studies reveal that the topical application of organophosphorus insecticide omethoate causes direct injury of leaf ultrastructures including cell wall breakdown of abaxial epidermis cells, inner cells, stomata guard cells; degradation of mitochondrial membrane, and chloroplast envelope membrane; and abnormal changes of lamella arrangement of chloroplast. And the topical application of cypermethrin insecticide causes plasmolysis of cells of the adaxial epidermis, mitochondrial cristae are degraded, and loosen arranged lamella of amyloplasts. All these changes indicated that omethoate and cypermethrin are stress factors that caused adverse effects on plant ultrastructures and biochemical molecules.     

二氧化硫胁迫对不同抗性玉米幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

采用60mg·m-3SO2气体处理玉米（Zea Mays.L）幼苗,通过组织化学染色和定量测定,分析了高抗自交系齐139和敏感自交系昌7-2在活性氧代谢上的差异。结果表明：SO2胁迫处理3h后,高抗系齐139幼苗叶片积累了较高的O2-和H2O2,12h后被迅速清除而趋于平衡;而高感系昌7-2叶片在胁迫早期产生的O2-和H2O2较少,后期有大量的O2-和H2O2积累,导致细胞损伤。抗氧化酶SOD和CAT在抗性系中显著升高,而敏感系中增幅不显著。这一研究表明不同抗性系中活性氧代谢的差异可能与其对SO2的抗性密切相关。