全文获取类型
收费全文 | 471篇 |
免费 | 28篇 |
国内免费 | 30篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 69篇 |
废物处理 | 8篇 |
环保管理 | 202篇 |
综合类 | 121篇 |
基础理论 | 57篇 |
污染及防治 | 15篇 |
评价与监测 | 14篇 |
社会与环境 | 15篇 |
灾害及防治 | 28篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 2篇 |
2022年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 11篇 |
2020年 | 13篇 |
2019年 | 17篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 4篇 |
2016年 | 11篇 |
2015年 | 15篇 |
2014年 | 9篇 |
2013年 | 26篇 |
2012年 | 20篇 |
2011年 | 25篇 |
2010年 | 17篇 |
2009年 | 27篇 |
2008年 | 19篇 |
2007年 | 24篇 |
2006年 | 28篇 |
2005年 | 25篇 |
2004年 | 16篇 |
2003年 | 16篇 |
2002年 | 34篇 |
2001年 | 17篇 |
2000年 | 21篇 |
1999年 | 22篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 11篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1994年 | 8篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 2篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有529条查询结果,搜索用时 307 毫秒
501.
当发生有毒化学品泄漏事故时,为保护公众和工人的安全和健康,需要快速地选择合适的应急防护行动.通常采用的应急防护行动有疏散、隐蔽、使用个人防护装备和服用解毒剂等.决策者必须权衡大量影响因素间的相互作用,如化学品的释放特征、事故现场的气象条件及影响范围内的人群分布等来进行应急防护行动决策.本文在分析应急防护行动决策过程关键要素的基础上,详细总结了影响应急防护行动决策的因素,介绍了应急决策常用的方法,以便在有毒化学品泄漏事故的应急过程中有效决策,最大限度地减少人员伤亡. 相似文献
502.
Thalassa McMurdo Hamilton Stefano Canessa Katie Clark Pani Gleeson Fiona Mackenzie Troy Makan Gena Moses-Te Kani Shona Oliver Kevin A. Parker John G. Ewen 《Conservation biology》2021,35(4):1162-1173
Ko koe ki tēnā, ko ahau ki tēnai kīwai o te kete (you at that, and I at this handle of the basket). This Māori (New Zealanders of indigenous descent) saying conveys the principle of cooperation—we achieve more through working together, rather than separately. Despite decades of calls to rectify cultural imbalance in conservation, threatened species management still relies overwhelmingly on ideas from Western science and on top-down implementation. Values-based approaches to decision making can be used to integrate indigenous peoples’ values into species conservation in a more meaningful way. We used such a values-based method, structured decision making, to develop comanagement of pekapeka (Mystacina tuberculata) (short-tailed bat) and tara iti (Sternula nereis davisae) (Fairy Tern) between Māori and Pākehā (New Zealanders of European descent). We implemented this framework in a series of workshops in which facilitated discussions were used to gather expert knowledge to predict outcomes and make management recommendations. For both species, stakeholders clearly stated their values as fundamental objectives from the start, which allowed alternative strategies to be devised that naturally addressed their diverse values, including mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge and perspectives). On this shared basis, all partners willingly engaged in the process, and decisions were largely agreed to by all. Most expectations of conflicts between values of Western science and Māori culture were unfounded. Where required, positive compromises were made by jointly developing alternative strategies. The values-based process successfully taha wairua taha tangata (brought both worlds together to achieve the objective) through codeveloped recovery strategies. This approach challenges the traditional model of scientists first preparing management plans focused on biological objectives, then consulting indigenous groups for approval. We recommend values-based approaches, such as structured decision making, as powerful methods for development of comanagement conservation plans between different peoples. 相似文献
503.
Conservation decisions are typically made in complex, dynamic, and uncertain settings, where multiple actors raise diverse and potentially conflicting claims, champion different and sometimes contradictory values, and enjoy varying degrees of freedom and power to act and influence collective decisions. Therefore, effective conservation actions require conservation scientists and practitioners to take into account the complexity of multiactor settings. We devised a framework to help conservation biologists and practitioners in this task. Institutional economic theories, which are insufficiently cited in the conservation literature, contain useful insights for conservation. Among these theories, the economies of worth can significantly contribute to conservation because it can be used to classify the types of values peoples or groups refer to when they interact during the elaboration and implementation of conservation projects. Refining this approach, we designed a framework to help conservation professionals grasp the relevant differences among settings in which decisions related to conservation actions are to be made, so that they can adapt their approaches to the features of the settings they encounter. This framework distinguishes 6 types of agreements and disagreements that can occur between actors involved in a conservation project (harmony, stricto sensu arrangement, deliberated arrangement, unilateral and reciprocal compromise, and locked-in), depending on whether they disagree on values or on their applications and on whether they can converge toward common values by working together. We identified key questions that conservationists should answer to adapt their strategy to the disagreements they encounter and identified relevant participatory processes to complete the adaptation. 相似文献
504.
R. Steven Daniels PhD 《Disasters》2013,37(4):669-694
This paper examines the shift from vulnerability to political responsiveness in presidential and gubernatorial disaster decisions in the United States from 1953–2009 (President Dwight D. Eisenhower to President Barack Obama) using annual request, declaration, and approval data from multiple sources. It makes three key conclusions: first, the 1988 Stafford Act expanded federal coverage to all categories of disasters, added a significant range of individual types of assistance, and provided extensive funding for recovery planning. Second, the election effects on disaster decisions increased over time whereas the impact of social and economic vulnerability (measured by scope of disaster) declined. Third, the changes affected governors more than presidents, and the choices of governors drove those of presidents. The analysis underscores the increasingly political nature of the disaster decision‐making process, as well as the difficulty in emphasising mitigation and preparedness as intensively as response and recovery. Proactive intervention yields fewer political rewards than responsiveness. 相似文献
505.
Behavioural models for both humans and other animals often assume economic rationality on the part of decision makers. Economic
rationality supposes that outcomes can be assigned objective values within a stable valuation framework and that choices are
made to maximise a decision maker’s expected payoff. Yet, both human and animal behaviour is often not economically rational.
Here, we compare economically rational making strategies with a strategy (trade-off contrasts) that has been proposed to account
for decision-making behaviour in humans that departs of axiomatic rationality. We model the fitness of these strategies in
a simple environment where choices are made on repeated occasions, there is stochastic fluctuation in the choices available
at any given time, and uncertainty about what choices will be available in the future. Our results show that, for at least
some of the model parameter space, non-rational decision strategies achieve higher fitness than economically rational strategies.
The differences were comparable in magnitude to selection differentials observed in nature. 相似文献
506.
Stacy K. Tanaka Jay R. Lund 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(6):1509-1519
ABSTRACT: Exports from the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta are an important source of water for Central Valley and Southern California users. The purpose of this paper is to estimate and analyze the effects increased exports to south of Delta users would have on the Sacramento Valley economy and water management if water were managed and reallocated for purely economic benefits, as if there were an ideal Sacramento Valley water market. Current Delta exports of 6,190 thousand acre‐feet per year were increased incrementally to maximum export pumping plant capacities. Initial increases in Delta exports did not increase regional water scarcity, but decreased surplus Delta flows. Further export increases raised agricultural scarcity. Urban users suffer increased scarcity only for exports exceeding 10,393 taf/yr. Expanding exports raises the economic value of expanding key facilities (such as Engle bright Lake and South Folsom Canal) and the opportunity costs of environmental requirements. The study illustrates the physical and economic capacity of the Sacramento Valley to further increase exports of water to drier parts of the state, even within significant environmental flow restrictions. More generally, the results illustrate the physical capacity for greater economic benefits and flexibility in water management within environmental constraints, given institutional capability to reoperate or reallocate water resources, as implied by water markets. 相似文献
507.
模糊多属性决策在垃圾卫生填埋场选址中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据垃圾卫生填埋场选址的影响因素及其权重具有模糊性的特点,提出采用模糊多属性决策方法来解决垃圾卫生填埋场选址的问题。本文在分析垃圾卫生填埋场选址的主要影响因素的基础上,阐述了采用模糊多属性决策进行填埋场场址优选的思路、原理和方法,并通过具体算例证明了该法应用于填埋场选址的可行性与合理性。 相似文献
508.
509.
太阳能作为一种清洁能源,将其应用在造纸污泥干化中,与传统干化工艺相比具有能耗低、无污染、运行费用低廉、操作简单、运行安全稳定、干化后的污泥仍保留原有的价值等特点。以某造纸污泥的干化为例,介绍了该工艺的工作原理及流程、工艺单元设计等。 相似文献
510.
Dongwoon Kim Jiyong Kim Il Moon 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2006,19(6):705-713
Investment in Chemical Process Industries for improving their safety requires considering risk level, environmental effect, cost and many other aspects simultaneously. This paper focuses on a new systematic method of finding the most cost–risk–effective investment scenario set. The method uses the automatic accident scenario generation technique first to find a set of the most dangerous scenarios. Then it uses the multiobjective optimization method to decide the priority of the investment. These computations includes considering many constraints such as limited budget, environmental requirements and social demands. The Styrene Monomer plant case study proves the practical use of this integration method of accident scenario generation and multiobjective optimization. 相似文献