Pseudomonas putida MnB1氧化Mn2+实验研究

Pseudomonas putida MnB1是存在于淡水和土壤中的锰氧化细菌。本文在中性条件下对MnB1锰氧化特性及锰氧化产物进行了研究。XANES结果显示,MnB1可将溶液中Mn(Ⅱ)氧化并形成Mn(Ⅳ)的锰氧化物;XRD结果进一步证实锰氧化物为δ-MnO2。MnB1的锰氧化性能受重金属离子的影响,其中Cd2+影响最大、Cu2+影响最小。在4μM Cd2+、6μM Pb2+、200μM Cu2+和20μmol/L Ni 2+的体系中,锰氧化速率和氧化量均有所降低,锰氧化量由208.5μM分别降至20.3μM、192.5μM、129.5μM和52.7μM。     

响应面法优化锰氧化细菌发酵培养基

Bacillus sp.WH4是一株锰氧化能力强的锰氧化细菌,在锰污染的水源净化方面具有较好的应用前景.为提高发酵液中Bacillus sp.WH4的活菌数,应用响应面法优化其发酵培养基.Plackett-Burman设计获得对活菌数有显著影响的4个因素:豆粕粉、KH2PO4、MgSO4、FeSO4;最陡爬坡试验确定中心组合实验的最大响应区域;中心组合设计和响应面分析优化出4个显著因素的最佳浓度.优化后的最适培养基(w/%)组成为:蔗糖2、豆粕粉0.96、K2HPO4 0.8、KH2PO4 0.19、MgSO4.7H2O 0.11、CaCl2 0.02、NaCl 0.5、FeSO4.7H2O 0.02.发酵试验表明,最优培养基的活菌数可达4.2×109 CFU mL-1,比初始发酵培养基提高近3倍.     

秸秆焚烧期间空气中细颗粒的组分特征

分析并探讨了南京市秸秆焚烧期间细颗粒中水溶性阴离子和铵,有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),以及Cu、Zn、Pb、Si等38种元素的含量和浓度.结果表明:细颗粒( PM2.5)水溶性离子中硫酸根浓度最高,其次是铵根离子,硝酸盐和氯离子,氟离子和亚硝酸盐最低.秸秆焚烧期间细颗粒样品中离子含量占26％,Si元素和金属所占份额为...     

Utilising of the oiled rolling mills scale in iron ore sintering process

Up to 5% of steel is lost with the scale at hot rolling operation. This waste contains 69-72% of iron in the form of oxides. However, its recycling is confronted with presence of up to 20% of oil and 10% of water. E.g. when the oiled scale is introduced as an additive to the iron ore sintering mixture, incomplete combustion of liberated oil at heating during sintering process creates problems for gas cleaning and may even lead to damage of the equipment. A possibility to improve combustion of the scale's oil at the sintering process by preparation of a mixture with peat was shown in the laboratory experiments. Industrial trials demonstrate possibility to increase the oil combustion degree at sintering 2.7 times as much. Consumption of the oiled scale was increased from zero to 12.8 kg (in a form of scale-peat blend) per ton of sinter, which allows for closing the loop of this waste at the integrated steelmaking factory.     

基于3DMINE-MIDAS-FLAC~(3D)耦合的残矿回采稳定性研究

残矿开采条件极为复杂,回采安全性差。为了保障残采安全,利用3DMINE,MIDAS/GTS,FLAC3D软件的耦合,对残采方案的稳定性进行数值模拟研究,根据残矿开挖后所形成空区的围岩位移、应力及塑性区状态判定回采危险区。选取某矿山浅部中段残采工程为例,研究结果表明:该矿山-47 m中段部分间柱采空区的帮壁和顶板因岩移过大、拉应力过大、拉伸塑性破坏或剪切塑性破坏,出现了11处危险区;顶柱采空区顶板因拉伸塑性破坏,出现了6处危险区。通过此3种软件的耦合可精细建立复杂的数值模型,提高数值模拟结果的合理性,危险区的判定有助于指导矿山残采过程中安全监测与支护措施的实施。     

“大气十条”实施期间南京市PM2.5化学组成与来源的演变特征

为深入认识“大气污染防治行动计划”(“大气十条”)对大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)污染的影响,基于“大气十条”实施期间南京市主城区(草场门)PM_2.5的化学组分监测资料,研究了PM_2.5主要组分的浓度和占比、富集因子和酸度等变化特征,并采用正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)进行了PM_2.5的来源解析.结果发现,“大气十条”实施期间,南京市PM_2.5中硫酸根(SO₄^2-)的占比总体下降,但硝酸根(NO^-₃)和铵根(NH⁺₄)的占比均明显上升,两者的占比从2014年的25.58%上升到2017年的37.15%;碳组分(OC和EC)的浓度在“大气十条”早期出现大幅下降,但后期的下降趋势明显变缓,其中,有机碳(OC),特别是二次有机碳(SOC)的占比不降反升;PM_2.5酸性显著减弱,阴阳离子的摩尔当量比值(CE/AE)从2014年的0.83上升...     

Editorial: Effect of root anatomy and apoplastic barrier development on cadmium uptake in rice

<正>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal with high mobility from soil and known translocation into plants (Song et al., 2015).Because the main source of human exposure to Cd is from food consumption, there has been increased research examining Cd uptake in agricultural plants (Li et al., 2014; Rizwan et al., 2016; Song et al., 2015). Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been identified as a major crop that contains relatively high     

What have we known so far for fluorescence staining and quantification of microplastics: A tutorial review

• Fluorescence staining provides a fast and easy method to quantify microplastics. • Factors that influence staining are summarized to obtain an optimum staining effect. • Natural organic matter can be stained by dye and interfere with quantification. • Fluorescence staining is applied in both field and laboratory studies. • Future work involves developing new dyes and automated image-analysis methods. Understanding the fate and toxicity of microplastics (MPs,<5 mm plastic particles) is limited by quantification methods. This paper summarizes the methods in use and presents new ones. First, sampling and pretreatment processes of MPs, including sample collection, digestion, density separation, and quality control are reviewed. Then the promising and convenient staining procedures and quantification methods for MPs using fluorescence dyes are reviewed. The factors that influence the staining of MPs, including their physicochemical properties, are summarized to provide an optimal operation procedure. In general, the digestion step is crucial to eliminate natural organic matter (NOM) to avoid interference in quantification. Chloroform was reported to be the most appropriate solvent, and 10–20 μg/mL are recommended as optimal dye concentrations. In addition, a heating and cooling procedure is recommended to maintain the fluorescence intensity of MPs for two months. After staining, a fluorescence microscope is usually used to characterize the morphology, mass, or number of MPs, but compositional analysis cannot be determined with it. These fluorescence staining methods have been implemented to study MP abundance, transport, and toxicity and have been combined with other chemical characterization techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. More studies are needed to focus on the synthesis of novel dyes to avoid NOM’s interference. They need to be combined with other spectroscopic techniques to characterize plastic composition and to develop image-analysis methods. The stability of stained MPs needs to be improved.     

全生物降解地膜原料颗粒对土壤性质、小麦生长和养分吸收转运的影响

全生物降解地膜是解决白色污染问题的有效途径之一,但其对土壤-植物系统的影响尚不清楚.为全生物降解地膜大面积应用的安全性评价提供依据,采用盆栽试验研究了全生物降解地膜原料颗粒种类（H、 S和X）和用量(2.5、 10和40 g·kg^-1)对土壤理化性质、生物学性质及植物生长和养分吸收转运的影响.结果表明,3种全生物降解地膜原料颗粒显著提高土壤pH,但对土壤有机质含量影响不显著,H地膜颗粒中高用量和S地膜颗粒低中用量时对土壤硝化作用及土壤氮的有效性有积极作用,而X地膜颗粒则表现为抑制作用;H地膜颗粒使土壤有效磷含量提高,S和X无显著影响;X地膜颗粒使土壤有效钾含量提高,S和H无显著影响. 3种全生物降解地膜颗粒对土壤酶活性的影响因地膜种类、用量和酶的类型的不同而异,随着地膜颗粒用量提高,3种土壤酶活性均呈现下降趋势.对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）生长而言,除低中用量的S处理外,其余处理均抑制小麦的生长,其中X地膜颗粒对小麦根、茎叶和籽粒生物量抑制作用最大且随地膜颗粒用量提高小麦生物量抑制效果越明显.对小麦养分而言,在地膜颗粒低用量时促进氮吸收、高用...     

大气气溶胶消光系数的计算方法研究

基于Mie散射理论,在过去的同种颗粒消光系数计算的基础上,对多种成分颗粒的大气气溶胶,建立了消光系数的平均(理论的)计算方法,同时,利用容积占比等效折射率,建立了消光系数的等效计算方法,验证了该等效法的可靠性。随着最近实验测量技术的发展,可将大气气溶胶分成成分相近的若干组分,应用上述方法可按这些组分去计算成分复杂的实际的大气气溶胶的消光系数。对Kleiner Feldberg测量数据的应用得到了较理想的结果,这充分说明了方法的可靠性和可行性。该方法的建立,不仅为气溶胶的光学特性研究提供了一个新的理论方法,也为分析大气环境质量提供了有力的支持。