烟气SOx、NOx监测中存在问题的探讨

对SOx、NOx的存在形态进行了热力学与化学平衡计算,据此提出了监测技术改进的建议。对工程检测、在线连续监测及大气污染物排放量的统计,也提出了初步的设想。     

微量元素锰对威氏海链藻生长及叶绿素荧光的影响

微藻和高等植物的光系统Ⅱ中的放氧复合体(oxygen-evolving complex,OEC)是裂解水与释放氧气、质子和电子的部位,其中水裂解的反应中心由4个锰原子组成的锰族构成.叶绿素荧光诱导动力学分析技术是研究光合作用特征的有效方法,可以指示不同环境压力下光系统各构件的变化.利用该技术研究了锰添加(0~9 000 nmol·L~(-1)Mn)对威氏海链藻(Conticribra weissflogii)生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明,除最高浓度锰(9 000 nmol·L~(-1)Mn)外,其余浓度锰对威氏海链藻生长的影响均不显著;锰对威氏海链藻叶绿素荧光参数的影响与锰添加的浓度范围有关,且随培养时间的增加而增强:其中,较低浓度锰(90 nmol·L~(-1)Mn)对各叶绿素荧光参数都呈现了强影响效果.尽管锰可能不是威氏海链藻生长的限制因子,但是锰从两方面促进了其光合作用:(1)促进光系统Ⅱ供体侧OEC结构的完整性和从OEC到电子传递中间体Tyr之间的电子传递;(2)促进光系统Ⅱ受体侧的能量转化和QA之后的电子传递.研究还发现,光合作用中与能量转化相关的荧光参数和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)之间呈显著相关(P 0. 01),表明锰在威氏海链藻光合作用过程及ROS的产生中都扮演着重要角色.     

铁锰原位氧化产物吸附微量磷的实验

采用小试生物滤池,分别考察了铁和锰离子原位过滤氧化产物吸附去除水中微量磷酸根的特性,并结合SEM/EDS/BET/Zeta电位等分析手段解析了二者对磷酸根的吸附机制.结果表明,铁或锰离子在滤层内氧化的同时,其氧化产物均对磷酸根具有吸附作用;进水铁或锰的去除量与磷酸根的吸附量呈正相关线性关系,其吸附关系分别为106.28μg·mg-1和77.98μg·mg-1.SEM/EDS/BET的分析结果表明,富铁氧化物和富锰氧化物的比表面积分别为96 m2·g-1和67 m2·g-1,前者主要以小颗粒形态在滤层空隙间积累,而后者则以层状或片状形式披覆于滤料表面;反冲洗过程不影响锰氧化过程对磷酸根的吸附,而对铁氧化除磷过程具有促进作用.Zeta等电点和阴离子竞争吸附结果表明,富铁和富锰氧化物吸附磷酸根后,Zeta等电点p H均降低,二者对磷酸根的吸附过程以内层配合吸附作用为主,且氯离子、硫酸根、硝酸根离子对磷酸根的竞争吸附作用影响较弱,属于特异性吸附.     

Toxicity evaluation of ZnO and TiO2 nanomaterials in hydroponic red bean (Vigna angularis) plant: Physiology, biochemistry and kinetic transport

The toxicity and kinetic uptake potential of zinc oxide(Zn O) and titanium dioxide(TiO_2)nanomaterials into the red bean(Vigna angularis) plant were investigated. The results obtained revealed that Zn O, due to its high dissolution and strong binding capacity, readily accumulated in the root tissues and significantly inhibited the physiological activity of the plant. However, TiO_2 had a positive effect on plant physiology, resulting in promoted growth. The results of biochemical experiments implied that Zn O, through the generation of oxidative stress, significantly reduced the chlorophyll content, carotenoids and activity of stress-controlling enzymes. On the contrary, no negative biochemical impact was observed in plants treated with TiO_2. For the kinetic uptake and transport study, we designed two exposure systems in which Zn O and TiO_2 were exposed to red bean seedlings individually or in a mixture approach. The results showed that in single metal oxide treatments, the uptake and transport increased with increasing exposure period from one week to three weeks.However, in the metal oxide co-exposure treatment, due to complexation and competition among the particles, the uptake and transport were remarkably decreased. This suggested that the kinetic transport pattern of the metal oxide mixtures varied compared to those of its individual constituents.     

Metals in feathers of sooty tern, white tern, gray-backed tern, and brown noddy from islands in the North Pacific

Levels of heavy metals are usuallyhigher in adult than young birds because they eatlarger, more contaminated prey, or because they havehad longer to accumulate metals in their tissues.Further, levels of contaminants are usually less inbirds nesting on remote, offshore islands than inbirds breeding closer to mainland areas that areurbanized and industrialized. We examined the featherlevels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese,mercury, and selenium in adult sooty terns (Sterna fuscata), gray-backed terns (Sterna lunata), and brown noddy (Anous stolidus, and adult and young white terns (Gygis alba, fromMidway Atoll, and in adult and young sooty terns andadult brown noddy from Manana Island, Hawaii (chicksof other terns were not available). We tested andrejected the null hypotheses that metal levels are notsignificantly different among species, ages, andlocations. Despite their small size, adult white ternshad the highest levels of lead, arsenic and tin. Brownnoddies had the highest levels of cadmium, chromium,manganese, and selenium. Sooty and white terns had thehighest levels of mercury. Sooty tern adults hadsignificantly higher levels of cadmium, mercury, andselenium than young, while young had significantlyhigher levels of arsenic and manganese. White ternadults had significantly higher levels of selenium andtin than young, while young had higher levels ofcadmium and mercury than adults. Except for mercury,there were significant inter-location differenceswithin species in all heavy metals. Contrary toexpectation, where the differences were great, metalsgenerally were higher in the feathers of terns andnoddies from Midway than from Manana.     

改性生物质炭对电解锰废渣中Mn淋溶迁移的影响

利用有机酸(柠檬酸和EDTA)螯合载铁改性生物质炭,探究改性生物质炭对电解锰废渣中Mn淋溶迁移的影响。结果表明,改性生物质炭对电解锰废渣淋溶液中Mn的迁移有明显的效果。添加柠檬酸和EDTA改性的生物质炭处理后,电解锰废渣淋溶液中Mn含量减少百分率较未改性生物质炭平均增加了1.46倍、2.05倍,Mn质量浓度最大值分别为8.63,5.61 mg/L,且此时生物质炭对电解锰废渣中Mn迁移减少率分别达44.81%,64.08%。     

Evidence of aircraft activity impact on local air quality: A study in the context of uncommon airport operation

Wuhan Tianhe International Airport (WUH) was suspended to contain the spread of COVID-19, while Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) saw a tremendous flight reduction. Closure of a major international airport is extremely rare and thus represents a unique opportunity to straightforwardly observe the impact of airport emissions on local air quality. In this study, a series of statistical tools were applied to analyze the variations in air pollutant levels in the vicinity of WUH and SHA. The results of bivariate polar plots show that airport SHA and WUH are a major source of nitrogen oxides. NO_x, NO₂ and NO diminished by 55.8%, 44.1%, 76.9%, and 40.4%, 33.3% and 59.4% during the COVID-19 lockdown compared to those in the same period of 2018 and 2019, under a reduction in aircraft activities by 58.6% and 61.4%. The concentration of NO₂, SO₂ and PM_2.5 decreased by 77.3%, 8.2%, 29.5%, right after the closure of airport WUH on 23 January 2020. The average concentrations of NO, NO₂ and NO_x scatter plots at downwind of SHA after the lockdown were 78.0%, 47.9%, 57.4% and 62.3%, 34.8%, 41.8% lower than those during the same period in 2018 and 2019. However, a significant increase in O₃ levels by 50.0% and 25.9% at WUH and SHA was observed, respectively. These results evidently show decreased nitrogen oxides concentrations in the airport vicinity due to reduced aircraft activities, while amplified O₃ pollution due to a lower titration by NO under strong reduction in NO_x emissions.     

Preparation and luminescence properties of Zn3 （BO3）2 doped with Ce3＋and Mn2＋

采用共沉淀法在700℃和较短的烧结时间下制备了Zn3（BO3）2和不同浓度的Ce3＋、Mn2＋离子掺杂的Zn3（BO3）2纳米晶粉末,对合成产物的发光性质及发光机理进行了研究。利用荧光分光光度计、X射线粉末衍射仪以及透射电镜对其光学性能和纳米晶形貌进行了表征。结果表明Ce3＋离子掺杂的Zn3（BO3）2样品在340～400nm之间有强的荧光发射,其最高发射峰峰位为365nm,在Ce3＋掺量为0.5%（摩尔分数,下同）时发光强度达到最高值。Ce3＋取代Zn2＋离子作为发光中心,Mn2＋离子作为激活剂加入,并不影响荧光发射峰的位置,但能够有效增强其发光强度。当Mn2＋离子掺量为0.7%（摩尔分数）时,Ce3＋、Mn2＋共掺杂的Zn3（BO3）2纳米晶发光强度达到最高值。     

Leachate characteristics,dry matter yield of Urochloa decumbens and properties of two contrasting soils irrigated with sludgewater in columns

Increasing demands on freshwater and challenges in disposal of wastewaters encourage their use for irrigation. The study evaluated the effects of irrigation of signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) with sludgewater on leaching, uptake and retention of a range of elements in two contrasting soils in columns. The grass was grown on a sandy loam and a clay soil packed in plastic columns and irrigated for 119 days with either undiluted, diluted sludgewater or tap water. The sludgewater had a pH of 6.9 and high aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and boron (B). Analyses were conducted on leachates, above-ground plant biomass (two harvests), and soils at the end of the experiment. Sludgewater treatments increased grass biomass yield and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) in both soils with a greater nutrient uptake from the clay than the sandy loam. The application of sludgewater increased Mn and reduced P (sandy loam only) in the leachate with no effects on Al, Fe, or B. Uptake of Al, Fe, and B was increased by sludgewater application. Even when diluted, the sludgewater increased extractable Mn, particularly in the clay soil. The findings showed that irrigation of the soils with sludgewater increased Mn and B concentrations and uptake by signal grass, with no negative effects on biomass production. Leaching and accumulation in the soils of toxic elements were minimal in the short term. Sludgewater can therefore be used to grow signal grass in both soils although these effects need to be evaluated under field conditions.     

FISH-NanoSIMS技术在环境微生物生态学上的应用研究

微生物分子生态学技术的不断发展,使得同时分析复杂生态系统中微生物的分布和功能特征成为可能.为了研究荧光原位杂交-纳米二次离子质谱技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization-Nano secondary ion mass spectroscopy,FISH-Nano SIMS)在环境微生物生态学上的应用,本研究采用稳定同位素标记的化合物13C-C6H12O6、15N-NH4Cl作为C源和N源,分别对纯培养锰氧化细菌假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1(培养基加锰及不加锰两种条件下),以及浅层土壤及厌氧污泥两种环境样品进行培养.利用FISH-NanoSIMS技术检测培养后样品中微生物体内12C-、13C-、12C14N-、12C15N-的分布特征及其丰度值,进而探讨纯菌及环境样品中微生物利用同位素碳氮源的情况.结果显示所有样品细菌分布区域对应的同位素碳氮(13C、15N)的含量均显著大于其自然丰度值,这表明Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1及环境样品中的微生物均能代谢13C-C6H12O6和15N-NH4Cl.研究进一步发现,Pseudomonas sp.QJX-1在碳氮源消耗至较低浓度时才进行锰氧化;浅层土壤和厌氧污泥中可能都存在同步硝化反硝化细菌群落.FISH和Nano SIMS技术联用能同时分析环境样品中特定微生物的分布特征及代谢功能,进而能更好地掌握环境样品中微生物群落的生理生态学特征.