山体尾流对烟羽扩散影响的风洞实验

本文以中性模拟的相似参数为判据,用四种不同的方法探测组合山体的流场.根据探测结果,探讨了尾流的结构并进行了较细致的区划.指出复杂地形的摩擦速度(u~*)在近地层不为常数.文中还讨论了尾流中扩散参数的变化及烟羽轴线下倾角分布,指出用修正的高斯烟羽模式描述尾流浓度场的可行性.风洞的实验结果与现场实验结果基本一致.     

Variation characteristics of fine particulate matter and its components in diesel vehicle emission plumes

A rapid reaction occurs near the exhaust nozzle when vehicle emissions contact the air. Twenty diesel vehicles were studied using a new multipoint sampling system that is suitable for studying the exhaust plume near the exhaust nozzle. The variation characteristics of fine particle matter (PM_2.5) and its components in diesel vehicle exhaust plumes were analyzed. The PM_2.5 emissions gradually increased with increasing distance from the nozzle in the plume. Elemental carbon emissions remained basically unchanged, organic carbon and total carbon (TC) increased with increasing distance. The concentrations of SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ (SNA) directly emitted by the vehicles were very low but increased rapidly in the exhaust plume. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reduced 42.7% TC, 40% NO₃^? emissions, but increased 104% SO₄^2? and 36% NH₄⁺ emissions, respectively. In summary, the SCR reduced 29% primary PM_2.5 emissions for the tested diesel vehicles. The NH₄NO₃ particle formation maybe more important in the plume, and there maybe other forms of formation of NH₄⁺ (eg. NH₄Cl). The generation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) plays a leading role in the generation of secondary PM_2.5. The SCR enhanced the formation of SOC and SNA in the plume, but comprehensive analysis shows that the SCR more enhanced the SNA formation in the plume, which is mainly new particles formation process. The inconsistency between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and primary organic aerosol definitions is one of the important reasons for the difference between SOA simulation and observation.     

烟羽在夜间雾天状况下的扩散数值研究

用夜间雾的数值模式研究了高架源在雾形成前后的扩散特征。模拟结果表明，雾的出现影响了大气近地层结，使原来很稳定的大气变成不稳定大气，但雾顶以上仍是逆温状态，这样导致雾顶附近的高浓度污染物向地面输送加剧，造成地面污染。这种情况非常类似于日出后出现的地面熏烟。研究结果从大气扩散方面解释了近年来在雾天临测中发现的地面高浓度污染现象，说明雾天是造成地面严重污染的重要天气之一。