大气环境质量预测模型研究

为适应青岛和贵阳地区地形和大气流场复杂的特点,吸收高斯烟云模式和烟团模式的优点,建立高斯轨迹烟云模式,模式同时考虑静风条件下的扩散。应用青岛和贵阳的实测数据对模式的性能进行检验,结果证明,该模式可适用于地形和流场复杂的地区。该模式是环境决策支持系统的一部分。      

大气污染扩散的高斯烟羽模型及其GIS集成研究

以VB6结合SuperMap Objects 5.2为开发平台,实现高斯烟羽模型与GIS的集成,可视化地表达大气污染物的扩散过程,并通过实例讨论了GIS与烟羽模型集成的方法、技术流程及其他相关问题.     

Feeding of western gray whales during a seismic survey near Sakhalin Island, Russia

Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 consortium, is developing oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf off northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia. DalMorNefteGeofizika (DMNG) on behalf of the Sakhalin-1 consortium conducted a 3-D seismic survey of the Odoptu license area during 17 August–9 September 2001. A portion of the primary feeding area of the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is located in the vicinity of the seismic survey. This paper presents data to assess whether western gray whale bottom feeding activity, as indicated by visible mud plumes, was affected by seismic operations. The mitigation and monitoring program associated with the seismic survey included aerial surveys during 19 July–19 November 2001. These aerial surveys documented the local and regional distribution, abundance, and bottom feeding activity of western gray whales. Data on gray whale feeding activity before, during and after the seismic survey were collected, with the whales assumed to be feeding on the benthos if mud plumes were observed on the surface. The data were used to assess the influence of seismic survey and other factors (including environmental) on feeding activity of western gray whales. A stepwise multiple regression analysis failed to find a statistically significant effect (α = 0.05) of the seismic survey on frequency of occurrence of mud plumes of western gray whales used as a proxy to evaluate bottom feeding activity in Piltun feeding area. The regression indicated that transect number (a proxy for water depth, related to distance from shore) and swell height (a proxy for sea state) were the only variables that had a significant effect on frequency of whale mud plumes. It is concluded that the 2001 seismic survey had no measurable effect (α = 0.05) on bottom feeding activity of western gray whales off Sakhalin Island. M.W. Newcomer, deceased     

渗滤液中有机物在不同氧化还原带中的降解机理与效率研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液中的有机污染物在地下环境中的降解机理和效率.结果表明,铁还原带对有机污染物的降解起重要作用,平均降解效率达86.24％,其次是氧还原带、硝酸盐还原带、硫酸盐还原带和产甲烷带,分别平均达到75.93％、79.81％、74.02％和65.09％;厌氧还原环境可能对苯并噻唑、安替吡啉、茚等物质的降解起重要作用;萘、环己酮、部分环烷烃等不易被微生物降解;不同污染物在不同氧化还原带中的最大降解效率也不同,如1,1,1-三氯乙烷和邻二甲苯在硫酸盐还原带中的降解效率最高,分别为80％和71.43％;三氯乙烯和MTBE则在硝酸盐还原带中的降解效率最高,分别为81.25％和92.58％;而苯在硫酸盐还原带和铁还原带中均被全部降解.     

确定大气环境承载力的烟云足迹法

本文讨论了大气承载力的定义,同时也给出了计算大气承载力的烟云足迹法的原理和计算公式,此外还给出了根据区域气象条件计算烟云足迹函数的具体算式和大气环境承载力的计算实例,烟云足迹分析法可为区域间的排污权交易提供技术基础.     

Anatomical Structure of Ectomycorrhiza in Abies sibirica Ledeb. and Picea obovata Ledeb. under Conditions of Forest Ecosystems Polluted with Emissions from Copper-Smelting Works

Changes in the anatomical characters of ectomycorrhiza in Siberian fir and Siberian spruce were studied in natural forests polluted with heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As, and Fe) and sulfur dioxide. As technogenic load increased, the total radius of mycorhiza terminals and plant roots included in them increased in the organic horizon and decreased in the mineral part of the soil. The absolute thickness of fungal mycorhiza caps and their relative contribution to the total volume of consuming organs increased under pollution. The observed responses were regarded as adaptive, aimed at compensating the adverse effects caused by technogenic pollution.     

湿法脱硫烟气直接排放的环境问题探讨

讨论了湿烟气直接排放带来的3个环境问题：抬升高度低，地面污染浓度较大；水汽凝结造成白烟；凝结水对局地气候的影响。通过简化计算，给出了某些环境和排放条件下抬升高度、地面最大浓度、白烟长度和数结水量的定量估算，对进行湿烟气直接排放可行性研究的人员有重要参考意义。     

General plume dispersion model (GPDM) for point source emission

Gaussian-based dispersion models are widely used to estimate local pollution levels. The accuracy of such models depends on stability classification schemes as well as plume rise equations. A general plume dispersion model (GPDM) for a point source emission, based on Gaussian plume dispersion equation, was developed. The program complex was developed using Java and Visual basic tools. It has the flexibility of using five kinds of stability classification schemes, i.e., Lapse Rate, Pasquill–Gifford (PG), Turner, σ–θ and Richardson number. It also has the option of using two types of plume rise formulations – Briggs and Holland’s. The model, applicable for both rural and urban roughness conditions, uses meteorological and emission data as its input parameters, and calculates concentrations of pollutant at the center of each cell in a predefined grid area with respect to the given source location. Its performance was tested by comparing with 4-h average field data of continuous releases of SO₂ from Dadri thermal power plant (Uttar Pradesh, India). Results showed that the Turner scheme used with Holland’s equation gives the best outcome having a degree of agreement (d) of 0.522.     

坡地建筑外立面火灾温度演化研究

针对坡地建筑外立面开口火溢流行为,为了预测不同坡地角度时圆形开口建筑火溢流的外立面热羽流温度分布规律,采用1∶8缩尺寸建筑火灾模型,开展圆形开口建筑火溢流实验研究.结果 表明:在建筑火灾燃烧状态稳定下,对于确定开口尺寸、火源功率以及坡地坡度(倾斜挡墙)下,带有圆形开口的燃烧室内温度基本均匀且保持一致;针对圆形开口建筑,...     

轨迹烟流模式计算方法

集合了高斯烟流模式和烟团模式的优点,提出一个新的模型———轨迹烟流模式,既保留了烟流模式计算简单,计算结果连续的特点,又可以根据当时风场,确定不同的烟流轨迹,模拟烟团的弯曲、折回和重叠运动,分段进行计算,提高了计算的准确性扩大了模式应用范围。