近海埋地管道泄漏气体扩散安全评估研究

为评估近海埋地管道泄漏气体扩散风险,基于流体体积与多孔介质方法,建立水下埋地管道泄漏气体扩散预测模型,模拟气体在海底土壤及海水中的运移扩散过程。研究结果表明:泄漏气体在海底土壤中扩散时间较短,扩散直径变化经历快速增长期、缓慢增长期和平稳期3个阶段,海水中羽流直径与羽流高度均随时间增加,且相比羽流高度,羽流直径的增长速度呈现先大后小的态势;增加泄漏孔径与泄漏压力,气体在海底土壤中扩散直径增大,海水中气泡体积明显增加,上浮时间减少,水平偏移量和海面处羽流直径减小。该模型可实现对近海埋地管道气体泄漏的准确预测,得出扩散轨迹等关键羽流数据,为后续的安全评估提供数据支撑和理论支持。     

基于GIS的城市特大火灾蔓延模拟

本文将对城市特大火灾的蔓延机理进行深入剖析,并构建火灾蔓延的半经验半理论模型。该模型包括两个子模型,其一为个体建筑火灾发展的简化模型,其二为建筑物间的火灾蔓延模型。前者简化了个体建筑内部火灾发展与蔓延的复杂过程,仅简单评价了个体建筑火灾发展所处的阶段,即起火、轰燃、充分发展与倒塌,并计算出各阶段相应的物理量。后者则是从建筑物间火灾蔓延的机理入手,借鉴已有模型对两种主要的火灾蔓延方式热辐射与热对流进行模型的简化和修正,并且量化了影响建筑物间火灾蔓延的气象条件。最后,作者提供了基于GIS的城市特大火灾蔓延模拟方案,并将模拟方案用于对日本1995年阪神地震后神户市高桥医院周边一处起火进行火灾蔓延模拟,再将模拟结果与实际火灾蔓延结果进行对比,从对比中充分体现出模型的有效性。     

Locating industrial VOC sources with aircraft observations

Observation and characterization of environmental pollution, focussing on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), in a high-risk industrial area, are particularly important in order to provide indications on a safe level of exposure, indicate eventual priorities and advise on policy interventions. The aim of this study is to use the Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) method to measure VOCs, directly coupled with atmospheric measurements taken on a small aircraft environmental platform, to evaluate and locate the presence of VOC emission sources in the Marghera industrial area. Lab analysis of collected SPME fibres and subsequent analysis of mass spectrum and chromatograms in Scan Mode allowed the detection of a wide range of VOCs. The combination of this information during the monitoring campaign allowed a model (Gaussian Plume) to be implemented that estimates the localization of emission sources on the ground.     

CO2 dispersion around two PWR nuclear power plants in Brazil

Atmospheric air samples were taken within 3 km from power plants encompassing five different distances and wind directions. Samples were taken between 2002 and 2005 aiming to evaluate the environmental ¹⁴C enrichment due to the operation of Brazilian nuclear power plants. The sampling system consisted of a pump connected to a trapping column filled with a 3 M NaOH solution. The trapped CO₂ was analyzed for ¹⁴C by using a single stage accelerator mass spectrometry (SSAMS).     

Non-intrusive characterization of the redox potential of landfill leachate plumes from self-potential data

Contaminant plumes (e.g., associated with leakages from municipal landfills) provide a source of natural electrical potentials (or "self-potentials") recordable at the Earth's surface. One contribution to these self-potentials is associated with pore water flow (i.e., the "streaming potential"), and the other is related to redox conditions. A contaminant plume can be regarded as a "geobattery": the source current potentially results from the degradation of the organic matter by micro-organisms, which produces electrons. These electrons are then carried by nanowires that connect bacteria and thorough metallic particles that precipitate in areas of strong redox potential gradient. In the case of the Entressen landfill (South of France), reported here, the hydraulic head differences measured in piezometers outside the contaminant plume is strongly linked to the surface self-potential signals, with a correlation coefficient of -0.94. We used a Bayesian method that combines hydraulic head and self-potential data collected outside the contaminated area to estimate the streaming potential component of the collected self-potential data. Once the streaming potential contribution was removed from the measured self-potentials, the correlation coefficient between the residual self-potentials and the measured redox potentials in the aquifer was 0.92. The slope of this regression curve was close to 0.5, which was fairly consistent with both finite element modelling and the proposed geobattery model.     

纵向风和阻塞比对隧道双火源温度分布的影响

为研究城市公路隧道内纵向通风和障碍物对双火羽流行为的影响,采用数值模拟方法分析双火羽流纵向烟气温度变化规律。研究结果表明：随着风速的增加,顶棚下方最高温度不断降低,烟气逆流现象逐渐减弱至消失;随着阻塞比的增加,下游火源一直向下游倾斜,而上游火源逐渐由向下游倾斜转变为向上游倾斜;基于流体力学理论,引入阻塞比修正无障碍物时的弗劳德数,进而建立适用于隧道内有障碍物的双火羽流顶棚最高温升分段预测模型,研究结果可为隧道火灾防治提供基础数据和理论参考。     

渗滤液污染羽中氧化还原带的动态发展演化研究

通过砂箱模拟实验研究了垃圾渗滤液污染羽中氧化还原带的动态发展和演化过程.结果表明,随着时间的推移和污染程度的加重,各氧化还原带不断向前推移,产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带的范围不断扩大,随后出现惰性区.在氧化还原带的整个演化过程中,各带中TOC、硫化物、NH 4 -N、HC03-3、CO2和Fe2 等物质的浓度随时间的推移而升高,随离污染源距离的增加而降低;NO-3和DO等物质的浓度随时间的推移而减小,随离污染源距离的增加而升高;SO2-4的浓度则随时间的推移先减小而后增加,随离污染源距离的增加而降低.而且,随着污染程度的加重,沉积物中Fe3 含量降低, TOC含量升高.在氧还原带、硝酸盐还原带、铁还原带和产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带沉积物中, Fe3 由占OXC的70.5%分别减小为56.3%、41%、28.3%和15%;TOC由占RDC的98.7%分别升高为102.0%、107.0%、142.9%和162.1%;Fe2 主要以PeS和FeCO3,沉淀形式沉积下来,分别占总Fe2 的80.6%、175.6%、377.7%和555.1%.     

镉对背角无齿蚌外套膜和鳃抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化的影响

为了探究镉对背角无齿蚌(A.woodiana woodiana)外套膜和鳃抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化的影响,按照96 h的LC50为134.9 mg·L-1,分别于镉(Cd2+)浓度为4.22、8.43、16.82、33.7和67.45 mg·L-1,染毒24、48、72和96 h后测定背角无齿蚌外套膜和鳃中抗氧化酶包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量.结果表明,背角无齿蚌在不同浓度镉(Cd2+)溶液中经急性毒性处理24、48、72和96 h后,外套膜抗氧化酶活性呈现“抑制-诱导-抑制”的规律性变化,鳃抗氧化酶活性呈现“诱导-抑制”的规律性变化.镉处理后的背角无齿蚌外套膜和鳃SOD、GPX和CAT活性,表现出明显的组织差异性,且鳃诱导SOD、GPX和CAT活性较外套膜早.经镉处理以后,外套膜和鳃中MDA含量呈现升高趋势,高浓度镉处理组较对照组脂质过氧化损伤出现显著差异(**p＜0.01),具有剂量-效应和时间-效应.     

垃圾渗滤液污染羽中的最终电子受体作用研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究了最终电子受体和TOC在垃圾渗滤液污染羽各氧化还原带中的变化规律,并建立了相应的模型.结果表明,各种还原产物出现峰值的时间和相应的最终电子受体利用最终电子的能力有一定的关系,利用电子能力强的最终电子受体其还原产物出现急剧升高的时间较早,如NO-2出现峰值的时间比Fe2 早;TOC的浓度在产甲烷带、硫酸盐还原带、铁还原带、硝酸盐还原带和氧还原带中不断增加,增加速率分别为8.27、8.56、8.85、9.06和9.11 mg/(L·h).不同种类的微生物降解污染物的速度受最终电子受体的多少和有效性的限制,其反应速度和最终电子受体利用最终电子的能力大小相一致,也就是说,利用最终电子能力越强的最终电子受体越容易被微生物利用、消耗,对污染的反应也就越灵敏.     

怠速条件下汽车排气污染物在排气尾流中扩散特性的实验研究

通过实验的方法对怠速条件下汽车排气污染物在排气尾流中的扩散特性进行了研究.测定了怠速条件下汽车排气尾流中的污染物体积分数及其分布,并比较分析了3种不同类型汽车的污染物排放体积分数及其变化.实验结果表明,怠速时汽车排气尾流中的污染物体积分数按照近似指数函数的趋势迅速降低到接近大气背景值;不同类型汽车排气尾流中的污染物体积分数的差别非常明显;排气方向对汽车排放污染物的扩散及其分布具有重要的影响.研究工作可以为怠速工况下汽车排气污染物对周围环境的影响评价提供更多的有用信息.