典型耦合优化算法在源项反演中的对比研究

突发大气污染事故中,污染源的快速、准确确定是应急处置的基础.为研究有效的源项评估方法,本文基于美国草原外场SO₂释放实验,利用GA-PSO、GA-NM、PSO-NM 3种耦合算法,分别与高斯点源烟羽扩散模型结合,对源强和位置等污染源参数进行反演与对比,并从算法结构与大气扩散条件方面进行反演效果差异分析.结果表明,从源强反演角度看,PSO-NM反演结果的准确性最高、稳定性最强,平均误差（11.3%）与平均标准偏差（0.7g/s）明显低于GA-NM（16.4%、13.3g/s）与GA-PSO（29.0%、26.6g/s）.从位置反演角度看,PSO-NM的反演结果最为稳定,反演的平均标准偏差（0.29m）明显低于GA-NM（3.20m）与GA-PSO（3.03m）算法;在不稳定和中性扩散条件下,PSO-NM算法的位置反演准确性最高,误差为4.97m;但在稳定扩散条件下,GA-NM的位置反演误差（7.69m）最小.从反演效率角度看,PSO-NM与GA-NM反演时间最短,更适用于污染源的快速确定.     

液氨泄漏事故的大气环境危害性模拟预测研究

以液氨储罐泄漏事故对大气环境的影响为研究对象,分析了典型化学品泄漏的大气扩散特征,简要介绍了高斯烟团模型,并使用基于该模型的RiskSystem1.2软件对某假定一次液氨储罐发生灾害性事故状态下的泄漏进行模拟。预测出在一定稳定度、不同风速不同时刻下液氨的半致死浓度、重度及轻度伤害范围等的下风向距离和不同风速条件下液氨的最大落地浓度,以期为使用RiskSystem1.2进行大气环境风险评价提供一定帮助,并在此基础上提出具体的防范措施及应急预案,为该类事故的应急救援工作提供一定参考。     

Ionic contribution to the self-potential signals associated with a redox front

In contaminant plumes or in the case of ore bodies, a source current density is produced at depth in response to the presence of a gradient of the redox potential. Two charge carriers can exist in such a medium: electrons and ions. Two contributions to the source current density are associated with these charge carriers (i) the gradient of the chemical potential of the ionic species and (ii) the gradient of the chemical potential of the electrons (i.e., the gradient of the redox potential). We ran a set of experiments in which a geobattery is generated using electrolysis reactions of a pore water solution containing iron. A DC power supply is used to impose a difference of electrical potential of 3 V between a working platinum electrode (anode) and an auxiliary platinum electrode (cathode). Both electrodes inserted into a tank filled with a well-calibrated sand infiltrated by a (0.01 mol L^− 1 KCl + 0.0035 mol L^− 1 FeSO₄) solution. After the direct current is turned off, we follow the pH, the redox potential, and the self-potential at several time intervals. The self-potential anomalies amount to a few tens of millivolts after the current is turned off and decreases over time. After several days, all the redox-active compounds produced initially by the electrolysis reactions are consumed through chemical reactions and the self-potential anomalies fall to zero. The resulting self-potential anomalies are shown to be much weaker than the self-potential anomalies observed in the presence of an electronic conductor in the laboratory or in the field. In the presence of a biotic or an abiotic electronic conductor, the self-potential anomalies can amount to a few hundred millivolts. These observations point out indirectly the potential role of bacteria forming biofilms in the transfer of electrons through sharp redox potential gradient in contaminant plumes that are rich in organic matter.     

Qualitative assessment on premature human mortality due to the emission of fine particulate matter from the Matarbari coal power plant

This study reports the probability of increased mortality of people within the political border of Bangladesh due to the emission of fine particulate matter with diameters of 2.5 microns or less (PM_2.5) from the Matarbari coal power plant (MCPP). A Gaussian plume dispersion model has been used for this estimation. The PM_2.5 emission rate data are unavailable as the construction of MCPP is still in its initial stage; therefore, the anticipated PM_2.5 emission rate has been estimated based on data from a number of coal‐fired power plants in India and China. To make this study more meaningful, two different emission rates have been considered representing the best‐case and worst‐case scenarios. In both cases, the intake fraction has been found to be 0.12×10^?2, and the value of relative risk varies between 1.134 and 1.374, respectively. Finally, it is estimated that approximately 11.5 million people inside Bangladesh will be exposed to the PM_2.5 emission from MCPP, and between 7,667 and 17,675 people will experience premature death every year.     

Measurement of Odor-Plume Structure in a Wind Tunnel Using a Photoionization Detector and a Tracer Gas

The patterns of stimulus available to moths flying along pheromone plumes in a 3-m-long wind tunnel were characterized using a high frequency photoionization detector in conjunction with an inert tracer gas. Four contrasting flow regimes and source conditions were produced: odor released in pulses from a vertical and horizontal array of four sources, odor released continuously from a point source, and odor released continuously from a point source into an oscillatory wake. Although the four flow regimes produced plumes of intermittent and fluctuating concentration, there were considerable differences in the structure of the signal presented to the sensor. Pulses of tracer gas released at 10 Hz retained most of their longitudinal and lateral separation. The plume growing in the disturbed flow (`oscillatory'), was broader in its lateral extent than the plume growing in an undisturbed flow (`continuous'), and the concentrations in the former were lower at each downstream position. The signal recorded in the disturbed flow had higher intermittency, but the ratio between the peak concentration and the signal mean was lower than in the continuous plume. Time scales were typically longer in the tunnel than in a field setting, but length scales and the main features of intermittency and fluctuation were similar. Moths flying along plumes of pheromone in this and similar wind tunnels typically slow their velocity and narrow the lateral excursions of their flight track as they approach a pheromone source. Which features of the plumes measured in this study account for these behavioral reactions remains to be determined.     

The Information Content of a Scalar Plume – A Plume Tracing Perspective

The ability of many animals and insects to track a plume to its source is a particularly impressive feat when the fluid dynamics is considered. Inspired by this observation this research seeks to identify the information in a passive scalar plume suitable for developing robust and efficient plume tracing algorithms. The subject of this study is a scalar plume emanating from a point source in a turbulent boundary layer which has been modeled in a laboratory facility built specifically for this purpose. A coupled PIV-LIF technique is used to measure the velocity and scalar field in a time resolved fashion. This data set is analyzed and the convergence rates of five single-point statistics, suitable as kernels of plume tracing algorithms, are investigated. The experimental data shows that the scalar fluctuations over long downstream distances from the source are characterized by filamentary structures that lead to relatively slow convergence rates for any statistic that is based on mean concentrations. The scalar intermittency, however, converges rapidly toward its true value, in fact converging to a testable hypothesis for source location direction faster than the time scale of the larger scale plume meander.     

微粒羽流中粉尘的实验研究

通过实验观察和实验结果分析，研究了自由下落羽流产生的粉尘与物料本身的物理参数和工作参数的变化关系，并对实际生产操作过程中如何减少粉尘的产生提供了参考建议。     

岩性对垃圾渗滤液污染晕中污染物衰减的影响

用细砂、砂土和粉砂土为材料,通过土柱模拟实验,分别从空间和时间研究不同岩性的土壤对垃圾渗滤液污染晕中污染物衰减的影响。实验初期,砂土和粉砂土对TOC的去除率分别达到96.56%和99.87%,而细砂仅达到62.78%,但3种土壤对NH+4-N的去除率均高达98%以上。实验末期,细砂、砂土和粉砂土对TOC的去除率已分别降至57.79%、65.59%和67.29%;但砂土和粉砂土对NH+4-N去除率仍高达87.38%和90.13%,而细砂自第18天时已被穿透。因此,3种土壤对污染物的衰减能力为粉砂土>砂土>细砂。     

扬子地块南缘锑矿床中矿石铅的组成及其地质意义

锑是我国的特色矿产 ,扬子地块南缘锑矿带是世界上最大的锑成矿带。铅同位素研究表明 ,该带锑矿床中矿石铅的组成变化较大 ;在铅同位素组成图解中 ,线性分布明显 ,但它不具有等时线意义 ,而是由低放射性成因铅和高放射性成因铅两个端元混合所致。矿石铅属壳、幔混合铅。成矿作用应发生于开放体系之中 ,深部幔源物质可能参与了锑的成矿作用。     

地幔流体的迁移及影响因素

地幔交代作用实质上是地幔流体与围岩的作用结果 ,对地幔流体迁移方式的研究有助于对地幔交代现象的理解。地幔流体的迁移以平衡孔隙流动 (equilibrium porousflow)和扩散作用为主 ,本文探讨了其迁移的动力学过程 ,温度和压力是最重要的外界控制因素。