火电厂烟气抬升的积分模型研究

根据流体力学的基本方程,考虑引起烟气抬升不同阶段的掺混原因,将产生的掺混率叠加导出一个简单的掺混函数,从而得到一个计算烟气抬升运动的积分模型,并与试验结果进行了比较。     

Measurement of Odor-Plume Structure in a Wind Tunnel Using a Photoionization Detector and a Tracer Gas

The patterns of stimulus available to moths flying along pheromone plumes in a 3-m-long wind tunnel were characterized using a high frequency photoionization detector in conjunction with an inert tracer gas. Four contrasting flow regimes and source conditions were produced: odor released in pulses from a vertical and horizontal array of four sources, odor released continuously from a point source, and odor released continuously from a point source into an oscillatory wake. Although the four flow regimes produced plumes of intermittent and fluctuating concentration, there were considerable differences in the structure of the signal presented to the sensor. Pulses of tracer gas released at 10 Hz retained most of their longitudinal and lateral separation. The plume growing in the disturbed flow (`oscillatory'), was broader in its lateral extent than the plume growing in an undisturbed flow (`continuous'), and the concentrations in the former were lower at each downstream position. The signal recorded in the disturbed flow had higher intermittency, but the ratio between the peak concentration and the signal mean was lower than in the continuous plume. Time scales were typically longer in the tunnel than in a field setting, but length scales and the main features of intermittency and fluctuation were similar. Moths flying along plumes of pheromone in this and similar wind tunnels typically slow their velocity and narrow the lateral excursions of their flight track as they approach a pheromone source. Which features of the plumes measured in this study account for these behavioral reactions remains to be determined.     

The Information Content of a Scalar Plume – A Plume Tracing Perspective

The ability of many animals and insects to track a plume to its source is a particularly impressive feat when the fluid dynamics is considered. Inspired by this observation this research seeks to identify the information in a passive scalar plume suitable for developing robust and efficient plume tracing algorithms. The subject of this study is a scalar plume emanating from a point source in a turbulent boundary layer which has been modeled in a laboratory facility built specifically for this purpose. A coupled PIV-LIF technique is used to measure the velocity and scalar field in a time resolved fashion. This data set is analyzed and the convergence rates of five single-point statistics, suitable as kernels of plume tracing algorithms, are investigated. The experimental data shows that the scalar fluctuations over long downstream distances from the source are characterized by filamentary structures that lead to relatively slow convergence rates for any statistic that is based on mean concentrations. The scalar intermittency, however, converges rapidly toward its true value, in fact converging to a testable hypothesis for source location direction faster than the time scale of the larger scale plume meander.     

Smoke Plume Trajectory Modeling

A combination of numerical modeling and large-scale experimentation has yielded a tremendous amount of information about the structure, trajectory and composition of smoke plumes from large crude oil fires. A numerical model, a large outdoor fire plume trajectory (ALOFT), has been developed at NIST to predict the downwind concentration of smoke and other combustion products. The model is based on the fundamental conservation equations that govern the introduction of hot gases and particulate matter from a large fire into the atmosphere. The model has been used to estimate distances from fires under of variety of meteorological and topographic conditions where ground level concentrations of smoke and combustion products fall below regulatory threshold levels.     

虾夷扇贝对镉的蓄积和排放规律

实验研究了虾夷扇贝不同组织(鳃,内脏,外套膜和贝柱)在受到重金属Cd2+污染后的蓄积和排放规律。结果表明:(1)在染毒实验期间,海水中Cd2+不断被虾夷扇贝累积,且其内脏团、外套膜、鳃、贝柱中Cd2+的蓄积量均随暴露时间增加而增大。到第14 d均达到平衡。达到平衡后Cd2+蓄积量(干重)和蓄积速率均为:内脏团>鳃>外套膜>贝柱。其数值分别为:562.93×10-6和40.21×10-6/d,354.27×10-6和25.31×10-6/d,125.36×10-6和8.95×10-6/d,34.49×10-6和2.46×10-6/d。(2)排放实验期间,各组织中Cd2+蓄积量随排放时间的增加而逐渐下降。至排放第10天各组织中的Cd2+排出率为:贝柱﹥鳃﹥外套膜﹥内脏,各组织中Cd2+含量明显降低。表明:经短时间镉污染的虾夷扇贝,转入清洁海水一段时间对其体内Cd2+的排出是很有效的。(3)不同浓度Cd2+对虾夷扇贝各组织的影响实验表明:当Cd2+浓度相同时,扇贝不同组织蓄积量和富集系数次序均为:内脏团>鳃>外套膜>贝柱。虾夷扇贝各组织Cd2+蓄积量均随着暴露水体中Cd2+含量的增加而增加,海水中Cd2+浓度不影响Cd2+在虾夷扇贝各组织内的分配次序。而同一组织对Cd2+的富集系数与其蓄积量不同,它随着金属浓度的升高而呈现下降的趋势,贝柱的富集系数始终处在最低值。     

空气特性对湿烟羽治理技术的影响

针对空气的气压、温度、相对湿度对烟气热力状态、湿烟羽的形成和湿烟羽治理技术的影响进行研究。结果表明:空气特性会影响饱和湿烟气温湿度的选定;空气温度对湿烟羽的影响程度大于相对湿度;气压对排烟温度的影响随饱和湿烟气温度的降低而增大;空气温度降低,排烟温度的基准变化率减小。空气温度和相对湿度会影响湿烟羽消白效果,由所需消白效果决定烟气的冷凝及再热温度。     

高斯烟团模型在石化类项目大气环境风险评价中的应用

利用高斯烟团模式对某石化项目进行风险识别与分析,并对主要计算参数进行选取和设定,重点介绍了源强确定的思路,进而对项目中120万t/a延迟焦化装置的脱硫装置发生特大灾害性事故状态下的硫化氢泄漏进行模拟,最后确定安全距离为下方向250 m。介绍了高斯烟团模型适用性以及其解决问题的总体思路和步骤,对今后确定事故状态下装置的安全距离以及高斯烟团模型的应用有一定的参考价值。     

西昆仑库地基性脉岩地球化学及构造意义

西昆仑北带库地一带广泛发育基性岩墙群(辉绿岩),其化学成分为拉斑质玄武岩系列。岩脉的微量元素与稀土元素具典型的板内溢流玄武岩特征,富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土,稀土元素总量较高,弱的Eu正异常。Ta、Nb、Hf、Zr无亏损现象,反映岩脉未受到地壳物质的明显混染及经历了弱的结晶分异作用;而Sr、P明显亏损。则反映了亏损的源区性质,但不相容元素的比值表现出EMI特征,推测不相容元素富集是软流圈地幔上涌过程中低程度熔融所致。综合本文的研究及野外地质特征。表明辉绿岩是古塔里木南缘新元古代大陆裂解背景下的产物。     

怠速时汽车污染物在排气尾流中扩散特性的数值分析

利用k-ε湍流模型对怠速条件下汽车排气污染物在排气尾流中的扩散特性进行了研究.汽车尾流中CO₂浓度变化规律的模拟计算结果与实测数据具有很好的一致性.数值分析了排气浓度、速度、方向以及侧风强度等对怠速条件下汽车污染物在排气尾流中扩散的影响.研究结果表明,排气出口污染物浓度的变化将改变排气尾流中污染物浓度的大小,但尾流扩散区域的结构基本保持不变;排气速度会直接影响到污染物在尾流下游的穿透距离及显著向上扩散的位置;相对排气浓度和排气速度而言,排气方向对尾流结构及污染物在尾流中的扩散与分布具有更大的影响;侧风对排气尾流的结构同样具有重要的影响,它可以有效地改变汽车排气尾流的扩散方向和污染物的浓度分布.     

构造环境对幔源岩中稀有气体同位素比值的制约

稀有气体是地球化学研究中有效的物源示踪剂。在广泛收集资料的基础上,通过对He、Ne、Ar同位素数据的统计分析,总结、对比了不同构造环境幔源物质中轻稀有气体同位素的组成特征。统计表明,大洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)中3He/4He=7 0～10 0Ra者约占统计样品的90%;洋岛幔源物质(OIB)的3He/4He值变化范围大,但>10 0Ra者占65%;消减带幔源岩的3He/4He值总体略低于MORB;大陆幔源岩的3He/4He值主要变化于6 0～10 0Ra间,但环太平洋大陆边缘低于MORB者普遍;大陆热点地幔流体具有类似OIB的3He/4He值分布特征。MORB与OIB的40Ar/36Ar值分布范围类似(主要范围为296～12000),但低于1000者在MORB中仅24 5%,而在OIB中约43 4%;板块俯冲区幔源岩的40Ar/36Ar值总体较低,<1000者约占67%;大陆各类地幔流体的40Ar/36Ar值普遍偏低,主要在4000以下。大陆、大洋幔源岩中20Ne/22Ne值主要介于9 8～12 5间,但<9 8者在各大陆地幔普遍存在。幔源物质的上述组成特征与大气、地壳等源区对其影响有关。我国东部幔源物质稀有气体同位素组成具有大气 地幔混合源区特征。