多级厌氧法处理螺旋霉素工业发酵菌渣效果的研究

通过自主设计的多级厌氧反应器系统来考察半连续处理螺旋霉素工业发酵菌渣的效果。该系统总反应体积为44L,由4个11L的升流式厌氧反应罐组成,罐体间采用串联方式连接。121d的连续运行周期分为3个阶段,各阶段的有机负荷率分别为1．27、1．82和2．73kgCOD／（m3·d）。全过程中主要监测了各级罐体的产气量和螺旋霉素的降解。结果表明,多级厌氧反应器系统启动初期会出现产气不稳定现象,经过2个月的运行之后系统达到稳定状态。在有机负荷达到2．73kgCOD／（m3·d）时,各级罐体仍能稳定运行,总产气的45％集中在1号罐。在系统启动初期,螺旋霉素不能被明显降解。运行约80d后,整个体系达到了快速降解螺旋霉素的状态,在2．73kgCOD／（m3·d）的有机负荷率下,螺旋霉素降解率达到97％,同时可溶性COD降解率也达到了90％。     

上海制造业产业转移实证研究

区域产业转移是区域经济发展到一定程度后的必然进程。随着资源环境承载压力增加和要素成本不断提升,上海面临产业发展的战略调整期,其中制造业转移是重要部分。通过构建区位熵指标,分析上海制造业转移的必要性和可行性,同时比较安徽、江西和湖北三省区位熵数据,论证各区域在承接产业转移上的比较优势,从而明确上海制造业转移的去向,最终促进上海和三省的区域产业结构升级,加快区域经济发展。     

A Graph Theory approach to measure the performance of sustainability enablers in a manufacturing organization

In a manufacturing organization, the term sustainability deals with the impact of production process and products on the environment and society, laying emphasis on preservation of scarce resources. In this article, the study concentrates on developing a Graph Theory model to measure the performance and inter-relationship between the sustainability enablers in an organization, thereby to quantitatively measure the extent to which ‘sustainable manufacturing’ practices are being followed in the organization. The objective of this study was to identify a set of sustainability enablers and attributes that impact a manufacturing organization. Digraphs were developed for the whole system and sub-systems depicting the inter-relationships and dependencies between various enablers and attributes to interpret the performance of the sustainability enablers in the case organization. Using the best case and worst case values, the level of sustainable manufacturing practices of the organization was found by Comprehensive Assessment Index. Based on the best case values, the relative significance of individual sustainability enablers are found and compared with worst case situations. The impacts of individual enablers on the overall sustainability level of the organization were also studied.     

机械制造业中事故原因的分析与控制

目前社会安全生产事故频频发生,形势非常严峻.在机械制造业中,如何对安全生产事故进行有效的预防,保持良好的安全生产秩序,这对安全生产,维护安全稳定是至关重要的.用系统分析的方法,对机械制造过程中,人-机器-环境这一封闭的系统,每一个环节进行了分析,从而总结出了预防事故的方法和原则,对实际的生产有重要的指导意义.     

改进的模糊综合评价方法在制造业安全评价中的应用研究

针对制造业车间的安全评价具有多维多层次性和不确定性,运用区间数对模糊综合评价方法进行改进,对其进行综合评价.对于单因素权重、综合评价权重、各指标评分和评价集中评价等级水平均采用区间数,以使评价更符合客观实际.通过实例应用分析,验证了该评价方法的科学性和可行性.     

某整车制造企业清洁生产审核案例分析

以某整车制造企业清洁生产审核项目为例,通过对照涂装行业清洁生产评价指标体系,对该汽车制造企业开展清洁生产审核,结合审核过程中发现的清洁生产潜力,提出方案以提高企业的清洁生产水平。     

Effects of fishing rope strength on the severity of large whale entanglements

Entanglement in fixed fishing gear affects whales worldwide. In the United States, deaths of North Atlantic right (Eubalaena glacialis) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have exceeded management limits for decades. We examined live and dead whales entangled in fishing gear along the U.S. East Coast and the Canadian Maritimes from 1994 to 2010. We recorded whale species, age, and injury severity and determined rope polymer type, breaking strength, and diameter of the fishing gear. For the 132 retrieved ropes from 70 cases, tested breaking strength range was 0.80–39.63 kN (kiloNewtons) and the mean was 11.64 kN (SD 8.29), which is 26% lower than strength at manufacture (range 2.89–53.38 kN, mean = 15.70 kN [9.89]). Median rope diameter was 9.5 mm. Right and humpback whales were found in ropes with significantly stronger breaking strengths at time of manufacture than minke whales (Balaenoptera acuturostrata) (19.30, 17.13, and 10.47 mean kN, respectively). Adult right whales were found in stronger ropes (mean 34.09 kN) than juvenile right whales (mean 15.33 kN) and than all humpback whale age classes (mean 17.37 kN). For right whales, severity of injuries increased since the mid 1980s, possibly due to changes in rope manufacturing in the mid 1990s that resulted in production of stronger ropes at the same diameter. Our results suggest that broad adoption of ropes with breaking strengths of ≤7.56 kN (≤1700 lbsf) could reduce the number of life‐threatening entanglements for large whales by at least 72%, and yet could provide sufficient strength to withstand the routine forces involved in many fishing operations. A reduction of this magnitude would achieve nearly all the mitigation legally required for U.S. stocks of North Atlantic right and humpback whales. Ropes with reduced breaking strength should be developed and tested to determine the feasibility of their use in a variety of fisheries.     

Dynamic stock and end-of-life flow identification based on the internal cycle model and mean-age monitoring

Planning of end-of-life (EoL) product take-back systems and sizing of dismantling and recycling centers, entails the EoL flow (EoLF) that originates from the product dynamic stock (DS). Several uncertain factors (economic, technological, health, social and environmental) render both the EoLF and the remaining stock uncertain. Early losses of products during use due to biodegradation, wear and uncertain factors such as withdrawals and exports of used, may diminish the stock and the EoLF. Life expectancy prediction methods are static, ignoring early losses and inapt under dynamic conditions. Existing dynamic methods, either consider a single uncertain factor (e.g. GDP) approximately or heuristically modelled and ignore other factors that may become dominant, or assume cognizance of DS and of the center axis of the EoL exit distribution that are unknown for most products. As a result, reliable dynamic EoLF prediction for both durables and consumer end-products is still challenging. The present work develops an identification method for estimating the early loss and DS and predicting the dynamic EoLF, based on available input data (production + net imports) and on sampled measurements of the stock mean-age and the EoLF mean-age. The mean ages are scaled quantities, slowly varying, even under dynamic conditions and can be reliably determined, even from small size and/or frequent samples. The method identifies the early loss sequence, as well as the center axis and spread of the EoL exit distribution, which are subsequently used to determine the DS and EoLF profiles, enabling consistent and reliable predictions.     

Green supply chain initiatives among certified companies in Malaysia and environmental sustainability: Investigating the outcomes

The relationship between green supply chain initiatives and performance outcomes has been subject to numerous studies but the results are not conclusive. This study tries to assess the actual environmental, economic and intangible outcomes resulting from the adoption of green supply chain initiatives. This study used a structured questionnaire derived from the literature and employing a mail survey to collect responses form a group of 569 ISO 14001 certified firms in Malaysia. The results of testing the hypotheses that predicted that green supply chain initiatives have positive effect on the outcomes showed that eco-design have significant positive effect on the four types of outcomes (environmental outcomes, economic outcomes, cost reductions, and intangible outcomes). Reverse logistics was found to have significant positive effect on cost reductions only. However, green purchasing was not found to have significant effect on any of the four types of outcome. Through designing environmentally friendly products and taking back products and packaging, business organizations can generate benefits to the environment, in the form of reduced waste and better resource utilization, in addition to economic benefits and cost reductions to the organizations.     

生产安全监督管理人员的胜任特征模型

安全管理工作是关系到企业平稳发展、员工生命安危至关重要的职位,安全监管人员的招聘、培训、考核和晋升是目前企业不够重视却十分重要的问题,因此建构安全监管人员的胜任特征模型有着重要的现实意义。本文对在安全管理处于领先地位的生产型企业的安全管理状况进行了深度访谈,在此基础上开发了安全监管人员胜任特征调查问卷,对浙江、山东、江苏省的10家企业进行了大样本调查,并进行了探索性和验证性因素分析,构建了安全管理人员的胜任特征模型,包括敬业自信、踏实认真、创新运作、团队合作、积极主动这五方面,并且进行了方差分析,证明该模型能够区分和预测安全管理绩效,具有岗位针对性和可应用性。