关中平原畜禽粪便重金属农用风险估算

通过在关中平原畜禽养殖集中的县区采集畜禽粪便和饲料样品,测定其中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属元素含量,以评估施用畜禽粪便造成的土壤重金属累积速率和安全使用年限.结果表明,牛粪、鸡粪、猪粪样品中Cr超标率分别为7.69%、4.35%和8.00%,而猪粪中Cu、Zn超标率分别达到76.00%和8.00%.饲料样品中Cu、Zn含量高于Cr、Pb含量,且与畜禽粪便Cu、Zn含量呈极显著正相关关系,结合主成分分析可知,畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn主要来源于饲料.形态分析结果显示,畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn的有效性很高,尤其是鸡粪中Cu、Zn的有效态含量最高.若畜禽粪便施用量保持在当前水平,则施用畜禽粪便24.4~131.0年和69.7~91.9年后,大棚土壤中Cu、Zn含量即可从土壤背景值分别达到安全临界值,因此,畜禽粪便农用时,不仅要控制其施用量,还应适当减少饲料中Cu、Zn添加量.     

猪粪中土霉素环境风险及好氧降解技术研究进展

针对国内规模化养猪场饲料及猪粪中土霉素的高残留量的现状,综述了国内外关于畜禽粪便中土霉素研究的现状。文章首先介绍了畜禽粪便中土霉素的应用和残留情况,然后探讨了土霉素存在于环境中对微生物、植物和动物的生态毒性,最后结合国内外现有畜禽粪便处理技术优缺点的评价．对好氧堆肥技术应用于高土霉素残留猪粪的无害化处理以及应该注意的一些问题提出了建议。     

Animals and soil sustainability

Domestic livestock animals and soils must be considered together as part of an agroecosystem which includes plants. Soil sustainability may be simply defined as the maintenance of soil productivity for future generations. There are both positive and negative aspects concerning the role of animals in soil sustainability. In a positive sense, agroecosystems which include ruminant animals often also include hay forage-or pasture-based crops in the humid regions. Such crops stabilize the soil by decreasing erosion, improving soil structure and usually require fewer chemical inputs. Monogastric animal culture is based on an agroecosystem consisting of mainly grain crops. These crops can result in the soil being exposed to water and wind erosion although soil conservation practices that significantly reduce soil losses may be followed. The management of animal manures is not always compatible with soil conservation practices. Careful management of the nutrients in manure is absolutely necessary to avoid nitrate contamination of ground water or phosphorus loading of streams and lakes. In a negative sense, increases in animal livestock populations in association with human population growth are promoting desertification in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The key component for a fully compatible and acceptable association between domestic animals and soil productivity is proper management. Careful management of the components of an animal-based agroecosystem is required if soil productivity and environmental quality are to be maintained. Although we have much to learn, technologies are available to move a considerable way towards this ideal state.     

广东省畜牧粪便中喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素的含量与分布特征研究

利用超声提取-高效液相色谱技术分析广东省20个规模化猪牛养殖场粪便中4种喹诺酮类(QNs)和4种磺胺类(SAs)抗生素的含量与分布特征.结果表明,猪粪中喹诺酮类和磺胺类化合物均全部被检出,前者总含量(QNs,鲜重,下同)在24.5～1516.2 μg/kg之间,平均为581.0 μg/kg,以恩诺沙星和环丙沙星为主;后者总含量(SAs)在1925.9～13399.5 μg/kg之间,平均为4403.9 μg/kg,以磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺甲唑为主.牛粪中喹诺酮类化合物也全部被检出,磺胺类化合物检出率在90%以上,QNs在73.2～ 1328.0 μg/kg之间,平均为572.9 μg/kg,以诺氟沙星和环丙沙星为主;SAs在1039.4～15930.3 μg/kg之间,平均为3787.7 μg/kg,以磺胺甲唑和磺胺甲基嘧啶为主.不同地区畜牧粪便中喹诺酮类和磺胺类化合物的含量与组成特征有明显差异,广州市猪粪和牛粪中两类抗生素的含量均较高,而佛山市、深圳市牛粪中磺胺-5-甲氧嘧啶和磺胺二甲嘧啶均低于检测限.     

An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China

It is important to understand the status and extent of soil contamination with trace elements to make sustainable management strategies for agricultural soils. The inputs of trace elements to agricultural soils via atmospheric deposition, livestock manures, fertilizers and agrochemicals, sewage irrigation and sewage sludge in China were analyzed and an annual inventory of trace element inputs was developed. The results showed that atmospheric deposition was responsible for 43–85% of the total As, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb inputs, while livestock manures accounted for approximately 55%, 69% and 51% of the total Cd, Cu and Zn inputs, respectively. Among the elements concerned, Cd was a top priority in agricultural soils in China, with an average input rate of 0.004 mg/kg/yr in the plough layer (0–20 cm). Due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the sources, the inventory as well as the environmental risks of trace elements in soils varies on a regional scale. For example, sewage sludge and fertilizers (mainly organic and phosphate-based inorganic fertilizers) can also be the predominant sources of trace elements where these materials were excessively applied. This work provides baseline information to develop policies to control and reduce toxic element inputs to and accumulation in agricultural soils.