化学品泄漏致大气环境损害的量化评估初探

以某化学品泄漏造成大气污染为例,采用虚拟治理成本法,通过对污染物单位治理成本的调查,污染物危害系数的确定等步骤量化生态环境损害的数额。针对生态环境损害价值量化过程中主要污染物的选择、单位治理成本的确定、危害类别的判断等技术关键点,提出,应结合环境质量标准限值,污染物危害系数等综合因素选择主要污染物;采用成本函数法来确定某一地区单位治理成本更容易被采纳;利用标签制度（GHS）危险性类别的结论能够快速确定污染物危害系数,以期为大气环境损害鉴定评估技术方法的完善提供参考和借鉴。     

电石法聚氯乙烯行业履约的成本效益分析

构建汞物质平衡模型以识别高汞触媒及低汞触媒电石法聚氯乙烯(CCPVC)企业中汞的产生、转化和排放过程.进一步针对典型企业开展成本效益分析,比较通过低汞触媒替代来履行《关于汞的水俣公约》要求的各种方案.结果表明,案例企业将在履约的情况下,使废气和废水汞排放量分别减少25%和85.7%~98.9%,净效益增加50.7%~55.4%.案例企业最有利的选择将是在厂内回收废触媒并改进汞减排设施,但含汞固体废物的环境风险不可忽视.原因是《关于汞的水俣公约》侧重于CCPVC行业的汞输入而非汞排放.此外,目前的汞环境税率低于最优税率,无法为CCPVC企业提供足够的激励以控制汞排放.因此,为了提高《关于汞的水俣公约》的政策效力,有必要推动我国CCPVC行业汞物质平衡的构建,加强对含汞固体废物堆存的监管力度,提高汞排放的环境税率,并将所含的环境风险物质量作为固体废物的计税依据.     

邻里效应能否促使稻农施用生物农药?——基于鄂、赣、浙三省农户调查数据的考察

在构建邻里效应对农户生物农药施用行为影响的理论模型基础上,利用鄂、赣、浙三省农户的调研数据,实证检验了邻里效应对农户生物农药施用行为的影响,在此基础上,进一步讨论了邻里效应促使稻农施用生物农药的条件与内在作用机制。结果表明：第一,55.76%的样本农户施用过生物农药,且施用生物农药的农户有较强的邻里关系。第二,邻里效应对农户生物农药施用行为有显著的正向影响,且强邻里效应的农户生物农药平均施用量要显著高于弱邻里效应农户。第三,邻里效应对稻农生物农药施用行为的影响存在条件限制,对高收入农户和规模户而言,邻里效应的影响不显著。第四,邻里效应对农户生物农药施用行为有显著直接作用,也通过降低信息搜寻成本和有效规避农业生产风险两条路径间接影响农户生物农药施用行为。     

清洁化生产中资源边际机会成本分析

从可持续发展观点出发，首先提出资源使用者所支付的资源价格应等于边际机会成本，并详细地分析了其原因和组成，然后再一步探讨了清洁化生产中资源边际机会成本与清洁化生产技术水平的关系，在此基础上，分析了清洁化生产中资源边际机会成本最小化的约束条件     

Methodological issues in forestry mitigation projects: a case study of Kolar district

There is a need to assess climate change mitigation opportunities in forest sector in India in the context of methodological issues such as additionality, permanence, leakage and baseline development in formulating forestry mitigation projects. A case study of forestry mitigation project in semi-arid community grazing lands and farmlands in Kolar district of Karnataka, was undertaken with regard to baseline and project scenario development, estimation of carbon stock change in the project, leakage estimation and assessment of cost-effectiveness of mitigation projects. Further, the transaction costs to develop project, and environmental and socio-economic impact of mitigation project was assessed. The study shows the feasibility of establishing baselines and project C-stock changes. Since the area has low or insignificant biomass, leakage is not an issue. The overall mitigation potential in Kolar for a total area of 14,000 ha under various mitigation options is 278,380 t C at a rate of 20 t C/ha for the period 2005–2035, which is approximately 0.67 t C/ha/year inclusive of harvest regimes under short rotation and long rotation mitigation options. The transaction cost for baseline establishment is less than a rupee/t C and for project scenario development is about Rs. 1.5–3.75/t C. The project enhances biodiversity and the socio-economic impact is also significant.

CGE model-based analysis of the neutralized hybrid carbon policy and its decomposed effects on economic growth,carbon reduction,and energy utilization costs

The hybrid policy is a flexible policy tool that combines features of carbon trading and carbon taxation.Its economic and environmental effects under China's background are still not studied in detail.Given the exogenous carbon reduction targets,carbon prices,and carbon tax-rates,by computable general equilibrium modeling methods and factor decomposition methods,this article investigates direct and cascaded effects of the hybrid policy on economic growth,energy utilization,and carbon emission on the national level and the sector level,with China's national input-output data-set.Stepwisely,policy scenarios with irrational estimated results are selectively excluded based on comprehensive evaluation among economic,carbon reduction and other policy targets.As a result,against national economic conditions in 2007,the hybrid policy,with a carbon reduction target of -10%,a carbon tax-rate of around $10,and a ceiling carbon price of $40,is highly recommended,because of its significant lower economic loss,lower energy utilization cost,and practical robustness against fluctuation of energy market and carbon market.Furthermore,by decomposition analysis,carbon reduction-related costs are decomposed into a direct part that includes carbon allowance price and carbon tax,and an indirect part as the energy price incremental induced by direct carbon costs.Gross carbon reduction may be decomposed into three parts such as energy intensity,economic scale,and technical progress.And,carbon taxation is the main policy tool that stimulates to improve the energy efficiency.     

引入碳价格后中国出口贸易成本的变化

应对气候变化的政策手段多种多样,市场机制手段是目前应用广泛的政策工具之一。国际碳交易的实践尤其是欧盟ETS的运行效果显示,电力及一些能源加工转换行业通常会因为承担了碳交易的成本,而会导致其下游产品价格的发生变动,一般表现在下游电力价格的增加,因此会使得其他行业的生产成本受电力价格的上涨而增加。因此碳价格机制的引入对于整个经济发展的成本产生一定的影响,而我国目前以出口贸易为导向的经济现状,势必使得碳价格影响到出口贸易的产品成本上。本文主要利用我国2005年和2007年的投入产出表,测算我国出口贸易产品能源成本的变化。结果显示我国出口产品的能源成本占每年出口额比重约为13%,若扣除掉消耗进口中间产品的因素,仅仅考虑国内中间投入产品的能源成本,则出口产品中的能源成本比重下降至9%-10%左右,其中电力的成本约占整个能源成本的60%以上,若由于碳价格机制的引入导致电力成本上涨50%,则使得我国出口能源成本的至少上涨一半以上,这将大幅度降低我国出口产品的国际竞争力。因此我国出口贸易的主要部门一方面需要不断加强技术研发投入,提升其生产技术水平,降低能源成本的比重,提高单位产品的能源效率;另一方面由于我国外贸存在较大的顺差,也要不断调整出口产品的结构,配合国内产业政策的调整,降低能源成本较高产品的出口,优化出口产品的结构,提高出口产品的科技含量和附加值,整个贸易政策调整优先向竞争力导向转变。     

Salience of carbon taxes in the gasoline market

We demonstrate that the carbon tax imposed by the Canadian province of British Columbia caused a decline in short-run gasoline demand that is significantly greater than would be expected from an equivalent increase in the market price of gasoline. That the carbon tax is more salient, or yields a larger change in demand than equivalent market price movements, is robust to a range of specifications. As a result of the large consumer response to the tax, we calculate that during its first four years, the tax reduced carbon dioxide emissions from gasoline consumption by 2.4 million tonnes.     

Uncertainty in optimal pollution levels: modelling and evaluating the benefit area

This paper identifies the optimal pollution level under the assumptions of linear, quadratic and exponential damage and abatement cost functions and investigates analytically the certain restrictions that the existence of this optimal level requires. The evaluation of the benefit area is discussed and the mathematical formulation provides the appropriate methods for that to be calculated. The positive, at least from a theoretical point of view, is that both the quadratic and the exponential case obey the same form for evaluating the benefit area. These benefit area estimations can be used as indexes between different rival policies, and depending on the environmental problem, the policy that produces the maximum area will be the beneficial policy.     

中国民用核设施退役基金研究

总结了国际上有核国家在核设施退役资金方面的基本情况,包括资金的来源、征集、使用情况、管理模式、退役基金的建立及运作情况等,对中国现有的民用核设施情况进行阐述,对未来50年内计划退役的民用核设施进行统计,初步估算了退役所需的费用.调研中国民用核设施退役资金管理的现状,分析在退役资金方面存在的主要问题,并提出相应的建议.