Using a choice experiment to measure the environmental costs of air pollution impacts in Seoul

Air pollution, a by-product of economic growth, has been incurring extensive environmental costs in Seoul, Korea. Unfortunately, air pollution impacts are not treated as a commercial item, and thus it is difficult to measure the environmental costs arising from air pollution. There is an imminent need to find a way to measure air pollution impacts so that appropriate actions can be taken to control air pollution. Therefore, this study attempts to apply a choice experiment to quantifying the environmental costs of four air pollution impacts (mortality, morbidity, soiling damage, and poor visibility), using a specific case study of Seoul. We consider the trade-offs between price and attributes of air pollution impacts for selecting a preferred alternative and derive the marginal willingness to pay (WTP) estimate for each attribute. According to the results, the households' monthly WTP for a 10% reduction in the concentrations of major pollutants in Seoul was found to be approximately 5494 Korean won (USD 4.6) and the total annual WTP for the entire population of Seoul was about 203.4 billion Korean won (USD 169.5 million). This study is expected to provide policy-makers with useful information for evaluating and planning environmental policies relating specifically to air pollution.     

Alternative treatments of the cost of time in recreational demand models: an application to whitewater kayaking in Ireland

The measurement of travel costs in recreational demand modeling has been a contentious issue for many decades. This article explores the use of a number of alternative methods of incorporating time costs in the travel cost modeling process. Travel cost values where the opportunity cost of time is excluded, where it is included as a percentage of the individual's reported wage rate and where it based on an estimated wage from a secondary data source (the European Community Household Panel) are compared and then used in a conditional logit model to estimate the demand for whitewater kayaking in Ireland. We then evaluate the effect of different treatments of the cost of travel time on the welfare impacts of a number of different management scenarios for kayaking rivers in Ireland, and find that statistically significant differences emerge.     

农村生活污水治理技术方案的合理性评估——以上海和苏南地区为例

以上海和苏南地区农村生活污水治理的10个示范工程为例,评估研究了农村生活污水治理技术方案的合理性。文章认为,在技术合理性方面,现有示范工程的处理模式选择和工艺设计基本实现了因地制宜,但在成本的有效性方面,现有示范工程还存在较大的成本下降空间。     

A travel cost study to estimate recreational value for a bird refuge at Lake Manyas, Turkey

This paper investigates the recreational economic value of bird watching in the Ku?cenneti National Park (KNP) at Lake Manyas, one of the Ramsar sites of Turkey and an important endangered species habitat. The lake and KNP provide considerable benefits for the region, although they have faced many environmental conflicts due to diverse stakeholders’ needs. An economic valuation for the benefits provided by the KNP is important data for stakeholders and local authorities. The travel cost method is used to estimate recreational demand for the KNP. The recreational value of the KNP is 103,320,074 USD annually. Results shed light on important policy issues and help to resolve conflicts among stakeholders. This calculated value is considerably higher than the annual investment and operation expenditures of the KNP. Sustainability of the important species around the lake could be achieved if the region's inhabitants are compensated by KNP visitors.     

Preparation and photocatalytic properties of porous C and N co-doped TiO2 deposited on brick by a fast, one-step microwave irradiation method

A one-step microwave irradiation method was used to deposit carbon and nitrogen co-doped TiO_2((C, N)-TiO_2) on commercial brick((C, N)-TiO_2/brick). The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet–visible(UV–vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). A selective technique was also used to investigate the concentration of hydroxyl radicals during UV–vis irradiation of the Methyl Orange solution with the as-prepared samples. The C and N dopants enhanced visible light absorption and provided a longer lifetime for the photo-generated electron–hole pairs. The SEM images showed that the as-prepared sample is porous. The dark adsorption and photodegradation test for(C, N)-TiO_2/brick showed good photodegradation and good recyclability. The best photodegradation rate was 94% after 2 hr. The maximum degradation rate was maintained even after the 6th cycle. The good photocatalytic properties are attributed to the enhanced visible light absorption, enhanced pollutant adsorption arising from the porous structure of the(C, N)-TiO_2 thin film, and longer lifetime of the photo-generated electron–hole pairs.(C, N)-TiO_2/brick should have potential commercial applications in photodegradation processes because of its low cost, good photodegradation, and excellent recyclability.     

坡改梯的损益分析——以贵州省喀斯特地区为例

用广义的效益-成本分析法,运用价值流量概念,对坡改梯的效益和成本进行了分析,结果表明,坡改梯是喀斯特地区农业可持续发展的重要途径,可增加耕地面积、提高水资源利用率和利用效率,可有效增进抗御灾害能力,可增加农产品产量,可同时提高经济、资源、生态环境和社会效益。     

基于空间信息的露天矿区排土场土地复垦成本计算

使用Map Objects组件和Ⅶ语言,对露天矿区排土场土地复垦的成本构成及计算进行了系统设计,系统包括排土场土地复垦成本计算和排土场空间地理信息管理两大功能。以安太堡露天煤矿为例,建立了成本计算系统,为露天矿区排土场土地复垦的成本计算提供了重要手段,提高了排土场空间信息管理工作的效率。     

广州市氮氧化物控制的费用效果分析初探

近年来，广州市氮氧化物（ＮＯｘ） 污染日益加重，主要原因是机动车保有量的快速增加和城市交通改善的严重滞后。控制机动车排放造成的污染已成为亟待解决的问题。费用效果分析是进行控制方案选择的重要依据。笔者对广州市ＮＯｘ 控制的不同方案进行了初步的费用效果分析。结果表明，在用车改造加装真空延时阀对ＮＯｘ 的削减费效性最好，其次是在用车Ｉ／ Ｍ 计划的费效性较好，而采用严格新标准的削减潜力最大     

边际机会成本定价──自然资源定价的理论框架

自然资源的价格应该相当于其边际机会成本。理论上，边际机会成本应该相当于利用一单位某种自然资源的全部成本。边际机会成本由三部分组成：边际生产成本、边际使用者成本和边际外部成本。边际使用者成本是指用某种方式利用一单位某一稀缺自然资源时所放弃的以其它方式利用同一个自然资源可能获取的最大纯收益。边际外部成本是利用一单位某一自然资源时给他人造成的没有得到相应补偿的损失。作为一种环境资源，环境自净能力也具有边际使用者成本。     

可持续发展必须不断降低区域发展成本

对云南省的玉溪、大理、昭通3个典型地区的发展成本进行测算比较表明，可持续发展有赖于不断降低区域的发展成本。必须从提高通达度和潜势度、提高吸引度、提高市场表现能力和资本形成能力、加强经济基础、改善生态环境等方面入手，才能从根本上降低区域发展成本。