我国核电与煤电环境影响的外部成本比较

应用影响路径分析和生命周期分析方法建立了核电能源链与煤电能源链的外部成本计量框架,对二者的环境影响的外部成本进行了比较评价.结果表明:煤电能源链向环境排放的污染物直接导致酸雨、降尘和全球变暖等环境效应,对人体健康、植被、生态系统、材料和清洗等造成明显影响;而核电能源链未发现可察觉的环境影响.从污染物(SO₂,NO_x,PM和CO₂)排放看,煤电能源链比核电能源链高2个数量级;煤电能源链的辐射影响是核电能源链的40倍;煤电能源链总的外部成本是核电能源链的115倍.比较可知:①核电是清洁的能源,其比煤电更有利于环境;②以煤为主的能源结构是环境问题的主要原因之一;③现行的能源价格机制中没有合理地体现环境成本.应通过节约能源、提高能源效率、改善能源结构、发展清洁能源技术、外部成本内部化以完善能源价格机制等途径促进能源的可持续发展.      

基于均衡价值论的生态产品定价与补偿标准研究

生态产品定价方法是完善生态补偿制度、落实生态产品市场化机制,以及实现绿水青山转化为金山银山的关键所在。本文基于均衡价值理论,从生产成本、生态效用与供求系数三方面构建生态产品的定价框架,并将其应用于内蒙古锡林郭勒盟禁牧区的生态补偿标准的计算中,进一步分析锡林郭勒盟各旗县自然、社会经济水平因素,构建差异化补偿标准分区方案。生态产品定价方法的研究可指导政府制定合理生态补偿标准,并为生态产品交易价格的磋商提供借鉴。     

污水再生处理微滤-反渗透工艺药剂使用及费用分析

在微滤/超滤-反渗透(MF/UF-RO)工艺运行过程中,需要投加多种药剂,以保障反渗透系统的正常运行.系统分析了北京市某再生水厂MF-RO工艺的药剂使用情况.结果表明,该MF-RO工艺投加了杀菌剂、阻垢剂、还原剂、非氧化性杀菌剂、中和剂、清洗剂等,在产水量约为7000m3/d时,药剂总投加量为3347.3kg/周,每吨产水的平均耗药量为68.32g/m3.该厂每周药剂总费用约为19,120元,每吨产水的药剂成本为39.02分/t,其中阻垢剂费用占药剂成本的比例最大,达47.44%.     

中国自然保护区空间分布的经济分析

论文利用2008年自然保护区数据,分析全国自然保护区的空间分布特征,并结合自然保护区所在地的社会经济信息,进行空间统计分析,重点从机会成本和保护资金的角度探求影响自然保护区空间分布的经济因素。论文发现,当前自然保护区的空间分布是既有政策下地方政府符合经济理性的选择,机会成本对自然保护区决策有着重要的潜在影响,在自然保护决策中不容忽视。目前的空间分布也揭示了自然保护区管理资金的困境,特别是对于国家级自然保护区,现有资金机制可能成为推动地方政府在自然保护中管理失效的制度根源。国家应该将自然保护区工作与地方社会经济紧密结合,并对不同压力状态下的自然保护区在资金机制上进行分类管理,以便获得更好的保护成效。     

城市综合污水处理厂出水消毒成本-效益分析

分析研究了污水处理厂出水液氯消毒实验所涉及的成本和效益概念,提出了相应的成本-效益分析的计算方法和计算参数.以无锡市芦村污水处理厂出水为例,30 mg/L有效氯作用30 min时,能杀灭出水中98%的大肠菌群,其实施成本约为730万元/a,而产生的总效益约为1 961万元/a.其中,减少肠道传染病发病的健康效益约767万元/a,减少湖水污染和蓝藻繁殖的环境效益约为1 194万元/a,整个技术的效益-成本比约为2.7∶1.      

EFFECTIVE WATER PRICING1

ABSTRACT: When the goal of water pricing is elevated from mere cost recovery to deriving the greatest value from scarce water and associated nonwater resources, conventional rate regimes are found to be deficient. To address the challenge of creating rates that are both efficient and budget-balancing, several theoretical and practical aspects of rate-making are considered. Purposeful selection of rate parameters for a specific billing system is demonstrated to serve efficiency and cost recovery objectives. Attention to non-accounting opportunity costs is an important system element, but these costs are often not fully borne by the utility or its customers. In situations where this issue is serious, state or federal pricing policy may be necessary.     

节庆营销对景区年内客流量的边际弹性及调节限度--以内蒙古阿拉善盟5个4A级景区为例

节庆营销是影响旅游活动年内变化的重要因素。优化节庆活动,拉长旅游活动“旺季”,是推动旅游业平稳发展的重要问题。以内蒙古阿拉善盟5个4A级景区为例,采用带虚拟变量的回归模型分析了节庆营销对景区客流量年内变化的边际弹性。结果发现:5个景区4年节庆活动边际弹性≥3.0,气候舒适度边际弹性≥1.0。为缓解旅游活动的年内集中性,需要把节庆活动调整至4—9月,平滑客流量的年内分布。     

A habitat‐based approach to predict impacts of marine protected areas on fishers

Although marine protected areas can simultaneously contribute to biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, the global network is biased toward particular ecosystem types because they have been established primarily in an ad hoc fashion. The optimization of trade‐offs between biodiversity benefits and socioeconomic values increases success of protected areas and minimizes enforcement costs in the long run, but it is often neglected in marine spatial planning (MSP). Although the acquisition of spatially explicit socioeconomic data is perceived as a costly or secondary step in MSP, it is critical to account for lost opportunities by people whose activities will be restricted, especially fishers. We developed an easily reproduced habitat‐based approach to estimate the spatial distribution of opportunity cost to fishers in data‐poor regions. We assumed the most accessible areas have higher economic and conservation values than less accessible areas and their designation as no‐take zones represents a loss of fishing opportunities. We estimated potential distribution of fishing resources from bathymetric ranges and benthic habitat distribution and the relative importance of the different resources for each port of total catches, revenues, and stakeholder perception. In our model, we combined different cost layers to produce a comprehensive cost layer so that we could evaluate of trade‐offs. Our approach directly supports conservation planning, can be applied generally, and is expected to facilitate stakeholder input and community acceptance of conservation.     

Determining distribution coefficients for low cost adsorbents

As with other construction materials, coal fly ash contains trace metals that can leach into the natural environment. As part of a broader effort to encourage appropriate coal combustion product use in infrastructure applications (e.g., road construction, stabilization, and structural fill), this study evaluated traditional and low‐cost adsorbent alternatives for their capacity to attenuate trace metals. Batch sorption tests were used as a preliminary screen for a wide variety of low cost (e.g., steel byproducts, rubber dust, and compost) and innovative materials (e.g., kudzu, biofilm, and pond weed) as well as conventional materials (activated carbon, alumina, and zeolites). The removal rates were demonstrated in this study by observing the calculated distribution coefficient (K_d) which were determined using a program called MATLAB. Limestone and steel byproducts were found to be particularly effective with large K_d values of 15,740, 1,520, and 540 L kg^?1 for cadmium, chromium, and selenium and, for ladle refractory and mill scale, K_d values of 3,910, 670, and 1,760 L kg^?1 were observed. Among the three metals tested for this study, it was observed that most low cost and innovative materials removed cadmium quite efficiently; however, the removal of selenium and chromium depended on the substrate and prevailing pH. In general, these results suggest that alternative materials may have relevance in niche applications where leaching is a concern that can be addressed through enhanced attenuation capacity via blending or layering of adsorbents.     

中国燃煤电厂脱硝成本核算与影响因素分析

脱硝电价政策是激励中国燃煤电厂开展NOX减排工作的重要政策工具,制定补贴标准是脱硝电价政策的重要内容。脱硝成本影响脱硝电价,科学核算脱硝成本是脱硝电价政策设计的前提。依据脱硝成本与脱硝电价的关系,综合考虑燃煤电厂进行脱硝设施改造产生的建设成本、运行成本、财务成本以及环境损失成本,构建了脱硝成本核算模型,并结合电厂调研数据,核算出中国燃煤电厂脱硝成本。结果表明,燃煤机组脱硝成本均在1 480万~4 475万元;建设成本与运行成本是脱硝成本的重要组成部分,分别占脱硝成本总量的31%、51%;装机容量、建设类型、脱硝工艺是导致不同机组脱硝成本存在差异的主要原因;燃煤电厂脱硝电价政策的改革在于综合考虑所在区域、装机容量、脱硝工艺、建设类型、脱硝效率等因素的基础上,实行脱硝电价差别补贴政策。