旅游度假区环境影响的经济分析

以岳阳南湖旅游度假区为产例，探讨了旅游度假区环境影响的费用效益分析方法，分析时以旅游度假区的环境保护设施建设费及其运行费作为环保费用，以采取环保措施后可避免的旅游业，渔业，房地产业等的污染损失作为环保效益，根据社会折现率折算成现值进行比较。     

北京市交通社会成本的评估

在介绍城市交通社会成本的概念及评估方法的基础上，针对北京市交通环境现状，对北京市交通环境成本、拥挤成本进行了估算，并提出了降低北京市交通社会成本的建议。     

环境经济损益分析的方法和运用

环境经济损益分析采用费用效益分析方法.环境经济损益分析方法是一种综合方法,是费用效益分析和环境价值评估方法的综合运用,费用与效益的计算范围更广,除直接能用货币计量计算的环境费用与效益,还包括难以直接用货币计量计算的生态变化引起的环境费用与效益.环境经济损益分析也不只使用在建设项目的自身的经济损益分析,还更多使用在方案的选择和比较之中.运用环境损益分析方法,对工程实例进行环境经济损益分析.     

对偶线性规划模型在大气污染物最优化控制中的应用

针对大气污染的问题，运用系统工程的方法，建立对偶线性规划模型，采用最优控制理论对大气环境治理实施最优控制，最终实现经济效益，社会效益和环境效益的统一。     

Foraging costs of a tail ornament: Experimental evidence from two populations of barn swallows Hirundo rustica with different degrees of sexual size dimorphism

Secondary sexual characters are assumed to be costly to produce or maintain. A test of this assumption was performed using the sexually exaggerated outermost tail feathers of male barn swallows Hirundo rustica, a trait currently subject of a directional female mate preference. A possible cost of sexual signalling in male barn swallows arises from increased flight cost during foraging in this aerially insectivorous species. A longer tail may impose a greater drag during flight and thereby affect foraging ability. This was tested by determining the relationship between experimentally modified male tail lengths and number and size of prey delivered to offspring in Spain, where sexual size dimorphism in tail length is small, compared to Denmark, where dimorphism is large. Food boluses contained significantly fewer small insects in Spain than in Denmark. Males with elongated tails captured more and smaller insects while males with shortened tails captured fewer and larger prey items at both sites. Males with naturally long tails were less affected by experimental treatment in terms of effects on the number and the size of prey delivered to their offspring, a finding consistent with a long tail being a condition-dependent viability indicator. The effect of a given degree of tail manipulation on prey size and number of prey per bolus was larger in Spain than in Denmark. These results demonstrate that (1) tail length in male barn swallows affects foraging, and (2) larger sexual size dimorphism occurs where the foraging cost of an increment in ornament size is smallest.Communicated by M. Zuk     

城市绿地补偿理论及其在上海市的应用

城市绿地补偿在城乡开发、城市规划等许多工作中具有重要的意义。介绍了城市绿地补偿的概念、方法和原理。针对补偿方法中的支付费用法,对不同城市绿地的经济价值和生态功能进行了分析和比较。并以上海市为例,采用费用效益分析法对城市绿地丧失产生的外部不经济效益进行了逐项估算,通过累加得出城市绿地的补偿价值。结果表明,2002年上海市绿地的补偿价值为85.81万元/hm2。     

用Excel2000线性规划最低成本法设计饲料配方

利用Excel2000电子数据表格软件提供的线性规划对畜禽的饲料配方寻求最优解，具有科学、运算速度快、增减原料随意和数据修改容易等优点，可以省去手工计算饲料配方的繁琐，与研制出来的专家系统饲料配方软件及相关计算机设计饲料配方的程序相比，该方法无须要求使用者首先购买这些软件和程序，只要用户购买电脑并安装上Excel7000电子数据表格软件后即可运用线性规划设计饲料配方。     

Age-specific filial cannibalism in a paternal mouthbrooding fish

Entire-brood cannibalism by mouthbrooding males of the cardinal fish Apogon doederleini was investigated in temperate waters of southern Japan during two breeding seasons. The rate of cannibalism was 17–18% in each season and did not differ among age-groups. However, the seasonal pattern of cannibalism differed markedly among age-groups: young (1- and 2-year-old) males frequently cannibalized early broods, especially the first brood, of the season, whereas cannibalism by middle-aged (3- and 4-year-old) and old (5- and 6-year-old) males mainly occurred late in the breeding season. We explain this difference in terms of trade-offs between current and future reproduction. Young males, whose future reproductive success is enhanced by the growth increment, may allocate more time and energy to growth by cannibalizing early broods. In contrast, for older males who have had more breeding cycles and grow little, cannibalism could be a way to reverse the deterioration in their somatic condition that occurs as the breeding season progresses. It is also likely that the current reproductive loss entailed by the cannibalism is effectively compensated by quick re-mating with another female. Received: 24 February 1997 / Accepted after revision: 20 July 1997     

我国水污染防治的战略与政策的探讨

我国大部分城市污水的95%未经处理排放入水体,城市地区的水质有继续恶化的趋势,甚至许多城镇的下水管网尚不完善.随着城市化和工业化的发展,城市污水将继续增加.我国在污水处理中投资不足和水污染规模大这一不相适应的矛盾将会在相当长的一个时期内存在.解决我国水污染的根本原则是供求最大的费用—有效性.未来水污染防治的政策要点是:1.集中力量于源头削减污染产生量;2.建立按总量控制的流域级水污染防治的方法和示范工程;3.在投资和管理体制上建立以城市污水集中处理的市场经济刺激机制.     

水环境治理费用模型的优化：拉格朗日乘子法则 应用

根据二级污水处理厂的费用模型,应用拉格朗日极值法,以一个城市或一个流域整体处理费用最优为目标,以污染物排放总量与削减量之差不大于水环境容量为约束条件,建立费用模型,由计算机求解,求出各污水处理厂的最优去除量、最佳去除费用和整体最优去除费用。