Should We Protect the Strong or the Weak? Risk,Resilience, and the Selection of Marine Protected Areas

Abstract: It is thought that recovery of marine habitats from uncontrollable disturbance may be faster in marine reserves than in unprotected habitats. But which marine habitats should be protected, those areas at greatest risk or those at least risk? We first defined this problem mathematically for 2 alternate conservation objectives. We then analytically solved this problem for both objectives and determined under which conditions each of the different protection strategies was optimal. If the conservation objective was to maximize the chance of having at least 1 healthy site, then the best strategy was protection of the site at lowest risk. On the other hand, if the goal was to maximize the expected number of healthy sites, the optimal strategy was more complex. If protected sites were likely to spend a significant amount of time in a degraded state, then it was best to protect low‐risk sites. Alternatively, if most areas were generally healthy then, counterintuitively, it was best to protect sites at higher risk. We applied these strategies to a situation of cyclone disturbance of coral reefs on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. With regard to the risk of cyclone disturbance, the optimal reef to protect differed dramatically, depending on the expected speed of reef recovery of both protected and unprotected reefs. An adequate consideration of risk is fundamental to all conservation actions and can indicate surprising routes to conservation success.     

利用藻类养殖技术处理有机废水与人畜废物

未经处理而排放的有机废水及人畜废物会给环境造成严重污染，同时也造成了大量的资源浪费。利用藻类养殖技术处理这些废弃资源，既改善了环境又可生产出优良的藻类产品，具有巨大的社会与经济效益。本文对该领域的特点、具体应用及其前景作了较为详细的论述。     

Comparing and Integrating Community-Based and Science-Based Approaches to Prioritizing Marine Areas for Protection

Abstract:  We compared and integrated marine protected areas proposed through community and scientific assessments in 2 regions of British Columbia, Canada. The community priorities were identified during individual and group interviews with knowledgeable resource users. The scientific priorities were developed with abiotic and biotic data in Marxan, a decision-support tool. The resulting maps of community-based and science-based priorities were very similar for the inshore areas, which lent credibility to both approaches. The resource users thought the science-based maps were fairly good at highlighting areas important for conservation, but preferred the scenarios that integrated the 2 maps to either constituent map. Incorporating spatial variation in human impacts on the marine areas and commercial fishing, which are both costs of protection, into our Marxan analyses led to scenarios that were different from either constituent map. Our results show the value of integrating community-based and science-based approaches in conservation planning to achieve community acceptance and conservation utility. They also reveal that people's assessments on the basis of their traditional ecological knowledge may serve as a reasonable proxy for scientific approaches in selecting areas of ecological value.     

近岸海洋沾污沉积物中石油烃类化合物释放过程的实验室研究 Ⅰ.实验室动态模拟研究

通过实验室动态模拟实验，研究了在不同固／液比例、溶出温度、搅拌强度、沉积物的粒度等条件下，近岸海洋沾污沉积物中石油烃类化合物的释放过程。研究结果表明，石油烃类化合物的溶出浓度与参与溶出过程的固／液相比例成正比：当固液相比例为１／８时，可在３０ｍｉｎ之内确定溶出／吸附过程的动态平衡点。沉积物中石油烃类物质向海水中的释放，在１０ｍｉｎ之内，可基本达到最大初始浓度；未经处理的新鲜沉积物样品较烘干研磨样品，更利于油类的释放。溶出温度的升高及剧烈的反应条件，有利于沉积物中石油烃类物质向海水中的释放。沉积物的组成颗粒愈细，释放的初始浓度愈高。     

Plastics in the Marine Environment: Problems and Solutions

Plastics debris is known to be present in all of the world's oceans, and on most amenity beaches, although comparatively little data are available to provide reliable information on the extent of damage from this pollution, and on its spatial and temporal variations.

Marine pollution by plastics has been shown to be damaging to marine mammals, birds and reptiles. This is due to entanglement in packaging bands, synthetic ropes and lines, or drift nets; or by the ingestion of small items of plastics debris. More research is needed to quantify the extent of the problems.

Wider use of degradable plastics will not solve the problems of plastics pollution. Their lifetimes are relatively long and unpredictable, and they are not generally acceptable for recycling.

Marine plastics pollution may be alleviated by the judicious application of both economic incentives and legislation, designed to decrease their use, to increase the rate of recycling, and to restrict uncontrolled discards.     

基于三维荧光光谱-平行因子技术联用的湖泊浮游藻化学分类学研究

浮游藻荧光分析技术因其能够实现现场、快速、低成本测定而受到广泛研究和应用.本研究以浮游藻活体三维荧光光谱(EEM)为基础,利用平行因子(PARAFAC)和CHEMTAX发展了浮游藻群落组成荧光分析技术.首先,将PARAFAC模型应用于23种浮游藻的EEM,通过残差分析、荧光成分谱形分析等方法确定浮游藻EEM由12个荧光成分组成;然后,利用Bayesian判别分析表明浮游藻12个荧光成分的组成具有明显的门类特征性;最后,以获得的12个荧光成分构建浮游藻"荧光成分比值矩阵",结合CHEMTAX建立浮游藻荧光识别分析技术.通过测试表明,该技术对531个单种藻样品的平均识别正确率是99.1%,其中,绿藻的识别正确率为97.5%,其余藻的识别正确率为100%.对于95个实验室混合样品,优势藻和次优势藻的平均识别正确率分别为98.5%和90.5%;测定的平均相对含量分别为69.7%和26.4%.结果表明,本研究所建立的EEM-PARAFAC-CHEMTAX方法能够实现浮游藻群落组成的快速定性定量测定.     

不同光强对阿特拉津和百草枯藻类毒性的影响

分别在20和50μmol·m-2·s-1光照强度下,研究了两种除草剂阿特拉津和百草枯对3株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806、M.aeruginosa XW01、集胞藻Synechocystis PCC6803和两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa、四尾柵藻Scenedesmus quadricauda的毒害效应.通过测定藻的生长,计算出了半效抑制浓度EC50值,结果表明:高光强下两种除草剂对5株藻的96 h-EC50值均明显低于低光强下的值,显示高光强有促进两种除草剂对藻类毒害的效应.高光强可促使阿特拉津显著提高藻细胞的丙二醛(MDA)含量,提示高光强促进阿特拉津产生更多的自由基破坏细胞膜脂.     

城市污水再生处理过程中臭氧氧化脱色及稳定性研究

针对城市污水再生处理臭氧氧化脱色效果及稳定性开展了相关研究.结果表明,臭氧氧化处理可以有效降低二级出水的表色与真色.在自然条件模拟过程中,不同臭氧投加量的水样22 d后真色并没有明显变化,表色、叶绿素a和浊度变化呈现出良好的一致性.当臭氧投加量小于6 mg·L-1时,水样表色在12 d内缓慢增加,之后快速上升直至22 d后达到最大.低剂量的臭氧处理(小于6 mg·L-1)反而会促进藻类的繁殖,加剧水体色度的不稳定性.然而,当臭氧投加量大于8 mg·L-1时,可以明显延长水样的复色时间,表色在18 d后才略微上升.水体的色度和浊度变化主要由藻类的生长和繁殖引起的,高的臭氧剂量能够维持水体色度稳定性.因此,推荐城市污水再生处理过程臭氧投加量为8 mg·L-1.     

广东典型海水养殖区沉积物及鱼体中磺胺类药物的残留及其对人体的健康风险评价

采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV)分析了广东沿海大亚湾和阳江两个典型海水养殖区中沉积物以及7种养殖鱼类肌肉和肝脏组织中磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)和磺胺甲基异噁唑(SMX)的残留量,并依据药品最高残留量(MRL)值和每日允许摄入量(ADI)值对海水养殖鱼类中磺胺类抗生素污染进行人体健康风险评价.结果表明,在所有沉积物样品中都能检出磺胺类抗生素.含量(干重)范围为:2.1~35.2 ng·g-1,检出率大小顺序为SDZ(85.7%)>SM2(71.4%)>SMX(28.6%).大亚湾养殖区磺胺药物在沉积物和鱼类样品中的检出频率大于阳江养殖区.3种磺胺类药物在鱼肝脏组织中的含量显著高于在肌肉组织中的含量(P<0.05).SDZ、SM2和SMX在鱼体肌肉组织中的含量(湿重)范围分别为11.6~37.9、16.3~27.8和4.9~20.0 ng·g-1.3种磺胺类药物的平均日摄入量范围为3.37~36.72 ng·kg-1,仅占食用肉类ADI的最高限值(50μg·kg-1)的0.007%~0.073%(<1%ADI),健康风险为可以忽略,膳食安全性高.     

自然水体中不同人工基质上着生藻类的比对分析

分别使用光滑载玻片、磨砂载玻片和聚脂薄膜三种人工基质,进行着生藻类的采集,并对不同样品的种类数、Jaccard相似性系数、多样性指数、相似性聚类进行了数据分析。分析结果初步认为,各基质上着生藻类在种类组成上基本相似,优势藻种为舟形藻、异极藻和曲壳藻。但由于光玻璃采集器在采集、处理等方面,均优于其他两种采集器材,同时,在相关的对比试验结果也得到了类似的结论,因此建议使用光玻璃作为本研究水域采集器材广泛使用。