海洋环境管理需要实行五大转变：海洋资源开发中的环境对策

随着海洋资源开发力度的加大,海洋环境问题将突出起来,必须更新观念,在环境价值观念、经济发展模式、污染防治对策、投入结构、动力机制等五个方面实行重大转变。     

Potential of Marine Reserves to Cause Community-Wide Changes beyond Their Boundaries

Abstract:  Fishing and other human activities can alter the abundances, size structure, and behavior of species playing key roles in shaping marine communities (e.g., keystone predators), which may in turn cause ecosystem shifts. Despite extensive evidence that cascading trophic interactions can underlie community-wide recovery inside no-take marine reserves by protecting high-level predators, the spatial extent of these effects into adjacent fished areas is unknown. I examined the potential for community-wide changes (i.e., the transition from overgrazed coralline barrens to macroalgal beds) in temperate rocky reefs within and around a no-take marine reserve. For this purpose I assessed distribution patterns of predatory fishes, sea urchins, and barrens across the reserve boundaries. Predatory fishes were significantly more abundant within the reserve than in adjacent locations, with moderate spillover across the reserve edges. In contrast, community-wide changes of benthic assemblages were apparent well beyond the reserve boundaries, which is consistent with temporary movements of predatory fishes (e.g., foraging migration) from the reserve to surrounding areas. My results suggest that no-take marine reserves can promote community-wide changes beyond their boundaries.     

催化动力学光度法研究褐藻对铜的吸附

应用催化动力学光度法研究了褐藻紫菜对铜离子的吸附作用 .结果表明 ,经过0 0 5mol·l- 1 氢氧化钠预处理的紫菜其吸附量最大 ,控制pH值为 3 6,其生物吸附作用是一种快速的过程 ,在 8min内吸附量为 1 3 2 6mg·g- 1 ,已基本达到平衡     

The Scientific Basis of Marine Pollution Prevention Strategies

Prevention of marine pollution, particularly in semi-enclosed seas, embayments and areas with limited exchange of water, requires a well conceived and harmonized legal system, specified standards, a monitoring programme, and effective control and enforcement capabilities. This comprehensive approach is often called a strategy. Three generations of strategies have been devised and applied historically in Europe and North America, each a step further in integrating environmental protection, technical advancement and economic capabilities. the overpowering socio-economic problems of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, a task facing a dozen central and eastern European coastal states, compound the problem of application of an integrated approach.

No management strategy can achieve its set goals unless based on scientific evidence. the data base has to offer information on two basic questions, one specific and one of a general nature.

The specific question is: Has the area under consideration some features, an activity, or one or more living species, which must be protected at any cost? the answer to this question will invoke the precautionary principle into strategic considerations, and leads to the general question: What is the carrying (= assimilative or environmental) capacity for each activity and for the discharge of each contaminant into the impacted area? Answers to these questions lead to the choice of the strategy for environmental management.     

广州市生态风险重点及其防范策略

为了构建更适宜居住生活、更适宜创业发展的山水田园型生态城市，为实现城市可持续发展的总目标，广州市必须系统而有重点地防范生态风险，解决制约广州城市发展的重点和潜在的战略生态问题，保障城市生态安全。本文着重探讨了广州城市发展中的台风、暴雨、洪涝、临海重工业的发展布局与近岸海域生态系统的保护、饮用水保障与水环境质量、机动车尾气污染与大气环境质量等重点生态环境问题及其防范策略。     

海洋环境钢结构焊接接头腐蚀与防护工艺研究进展

介绍了海洋腐蚀环境的特点,分析了钢结构焊接接头的腐蚀特性。在此基础上,总结了国内外学者关于焊接接头在海洋环境下的腐蚀机制和影响因素等研究成果,明确了焊接接头以电偶腐蚀、应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳为主导的电化学腐蚀行为。针对钢结构焊接接头的海洋腐蚀防护要求,总结了当前主要的腐蚀防护方案,如添加合金元素、焊接工艺优化、热处理、表面强化和防腐涂层等。最后,综合当前钢结构焊接接头海洋腐蚀与防护研究现状,提出了在海洋实际工况验证和防护手段不足等方面的问题。     

改性环氧有机涂层的电偶腐蚀行为模拟分析

目的 实现二氧化钛-还原氧化石墨烯改性环氧防腐涂层在海洋工程应用下的电偶腐蚀行为分析。方法 以还原氧化石墨烯、二氧化钛为纳米填料,制备改性环氧防腐涂层,并以此涂层为模型,利用有限元计算软件,研究改性环氧涂层存在微观缺陷情况下,涂层抑制金属电偶腐蚀的作用规律。结果 改性环氧涂层可以有效抑制金属电偶腐蚀问题。计算研究了缺陷涂层在不同孔洞宽度和分布状态下,涂层对电偶腐蚀的抑制程度。当缺陷涂层孔洞宽度为500 μm,阴阳面积比为2︰1时,电位差最小为1.05×10^–6 V,可以有效抑制电偶腐蚀。结论 二氧化钛-还原氧化石墨烯的添加,可以填补涂层空隙,阻碍水渗透,有效提高环氧涂层的防腐性能。利用有限元模拟计算可得,涂层破损时会发生局部严重腐蚀,最终造成工程结构的失效。     

飞机电气线路互联系统海洋环境适应性研究

以飞机典型电气线路互联系统(ElectricalWiringInterconnectionSystem,EWIS)故障件和线缆及微动开关的南海环境暴晒试验结果为依据,研究了海洋环境下EWIS的腐蚀故障规律、腐蚀类型和形成原因、及电气性能变化规律等。结果表明,海洋环境下EWIS腐蚀失效形式多样,易导致间歇式故障频发,电气性能及屏蔽效能下降等。从适海性的角度提出了应从选材、设计、使用维护和故障数据分析利用等方面来提高EWIS的海洋环境适应性。     

海洋工程建设对连云港近海环境因子和浮游植物的影响

为了明确海洋工程建设对连云港近海环境因子和浮游植物的影响,于2009年5月（海洋工程建设前）和2016年同期（海洋工程建成后）前后两次对连云港近海叶绿素a（Chl a）含量、浮游植物群落结构和环境因子的空间分布特征进行了综合调查.结果显示,海洋工程建成后,调查海域水环境发生明显变化,近岸海域出现一个明显的高温区,与离岸海域温差达3℃;营养盐浓度明显降低,尤其是可溶性硅（DSi）,平均浓度降低了70%.Chl a浓度和浮游植物生物量显著升高,群落结构变化明显,由硅藻占优势转变为硅、甲藻共同占优势.海洋工程建设前优势度较高的星脐圆筛藻（Coscinodiscus asteromphalus）和夜光藻（Noctiluca scientillans）占比明显降低,中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）优势度明显升高.冗余分析（RDA）分析显示,海洋工程建设前化学需氧量（COD）、可溶性无机氮（DIN）和盐度（负相关）是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因素;海洋工程建设后温度的影响明显升高;温度、BOD₅和DO的增加可能是促使春季浮游植物增加的主要因素.     

西沙海洋大气环境中典型材料腐蚀形貌识别

目的获得西沙海洋大气环境中典型材料的表面腐蚀形貌参数,分析其腐蚀规律。方法采用室外大气暴露试验,研究5052铝合金、304不锈钢和EH36低合金钢在西沙海洋大气环境中的腐蚀形貌及腐蚀规律,并采用图像数字处理方法识别试样表面腐蚀特征。结果 EH36钢的大气腐蚀形貌以均匀腐蚀和腐蚀坑为主,而5052铝合金以及304不锈钢以点蚀为主,EH36低合金钢的腐蚀速率明显高于5052铝合金和304不锈钢。三种典型材料腐蚀面积百分比与腐蚀坑面积百分比的变化趋势相同,5052铝合金和EH36低合金钢的腐蚀面积百分比和腐蚀坑面积百分比与二者腐蚀速率变化规律一致,而304不锈钢的腐蚀面积百分比和腐蚀坑面积百分比与其腐蚀速率变化规律相反。5052铝合金和EH36低合金钢1年周期试样的腐蚀坑数目均大于2年周期试样,而对于304不锈钢,1年周期试样的腐蚀坑数目与2年周期试样差别不大。结论西沙大气环境中,三种典型材料的腐蚀速率、腐蚀面积百分比、腐蚀坑面积百分比均有明显不同,对同一种材料,其正面的腐蚀面积百分比、腐蚀坑面积百分比、腐蚀坑数与背面也有较大差别。